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Magazine Chapter 20: Problem 7
Match the refining methods (Column I) with metals (Column II).. (I) Liquation (a) \(\mathrm{Zr}\) (II) Zone Refining (b) \(\mathrm{Ni}\) (III) Mond Process (c) Sn (IV) Van Arkel Method (d) Ga (a) (I) \(-(\mathrm{c}) ;(\mathrm{II})-(\mathrm{a}) ;(\mathrm{III})-(\mathrm{b}) ;(\mathrm{IV})-(\mathrm{d})\) (b) (I) - (b); (II) - (c); (III) - (d); (IV) - (a) (c) (I) \(-(\mathrm{c}) ;(\mathrm{II})-(\mathrm{d}) ;(\mathrm{III})-(\mathrm{b}) ;(\mathrm{IV})-(\mathrm{a})\) (d) (I) - (b); (II) - (d); (III) - (a)l (IV) - (c)
Short Answer
Expert verified
Option (c) is the correct match.
Step by step solution
01
Understanding Liquation
Liquation is a refining process used for metals with low melting points, such as tin (Sn). This process helps separate a fusible metal from its impurities through partial melting.
02
Understanding Zone Refining
Zone refining is used to obtain ultra-pure metals by heating a small region of a solid metal with an electric heater. This method is commonly used for semiconductor materials like silicon and gallium (Ga).
03
Understanding Mond Process
The Mond Process is used to refine nickel (Ni). It involves converting nickel into nickel carbonyl, a volatile complex, and then decomposing it to pure nickel.
04
Understanding Van Arkel Method
The Van Arkel Method is used to purify metals like zirconium (Zr) and titanium. It involves converting the metal into a volatile compound and then breaking it down to produce pure metal.
05
Matching Refining Methods to Metals
Now we match the refining methods to the metals using our understanding:
- Liquation (I) corresponds to Sn (c).
- Zone Refining (II) corresponds to Ga (d).
- Mond Process (III) corresponds to Ni (b).
- Van Arkel Method (IV) corresponds to Zr (a).
06
Identifying the Correct Option
Review the provided options and identify the one where the methods are matched correctly:
- Option (c) (I)(c); (II)(d); (III)(b); (IV)(a) correctly matches each refining method to the respective metal.
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Refining Methods
In the world of metallurgy, refining methods are crucial for obtaining pure metals free of impurities. Refinement ensures that the metal can be used effectively in various applications. There are several methods employed, each suited for different types of metals and their specific properties. These techniques rely on the physical and chemical characteristics of the metal being processed.
Some common refining methods include:
Some common refining methods include:
- Liquation: used for metals with low melting points.
- Zone Refining: ideal for obtaining high-purity metals.
- Mond Process: tailored for refining nickel.
- Van Arkel Method: used for refining metals like zirconium and titanium.
Liquation
Liquation is a specialized refining technique used for metals like tin (Sn) with low melting points. It involves partially melting the metal to separate it from impurities, which remain solid or can be removed easily from the molten metals. This process helps in achieving a higher purity level of the fusible metal.
During liquation:
During liquation:
- A fusible metal is melted while impurities are left behind.
- Gravity or a mechanical system can help in the separation process.
- Effective for separating compounds that have different melting points.
Zone Refining
The zone refining technique is essential for producing metals with ultra-high purity levels, making it particularly valuable in the semiconductor industry. This method uses a process where a narrow region of the metal is melted using an electric heater and slowly moved along the metal bar.
Zone refining works because:
Zone refining works because:
- Impurities tend to migrate to the molten zone as the molten zone moves.
- The process can be repeated several times for higher purity.
- Commonly used for refining semiconductors like gallium (Ga) and silicon.
Mond Process
The Mond Process is a unique method designed for refining nickel (Ni) into a highly pure form. It features the conversion of nickel into a gaseous compound, nickel carbonyl \((Ni(CO)_4\), and then its decomposition back to pure metal.
Steps involved in the Mond Process include:
Steps involved in the Mond Process include:
- N铆ckel is reacted with carbon monoxide at high pressure to form nickel carbonyl.
- The nickel carbonyl vapor then decomposes upon heating to yield pure nickel and carbon monoxide.
- Nickel produced is of very high purity.
Van Arkel Method
The Van Arkel Method is a fascinating and precise technique that purifies metals like zirconium (Zr) and titanium. This method is based on the conversion of metal contaminants into volatile compounds, which are then decomposed to obtain pure metal.
Key characteristics of the Van Arkel Method include:
Key characteristics of the Van Arkel Method include:
- Conversion of the impure metal into a volatile iodide by reacting with iodine.
- Heating the volatile iodide decomposes it on a hot wire to produce high-purity metal.
- Known as the crystal bar process due to the formation of metal droplets or bars on the wire.
Transition Metals
Transition metals are a unique group of elements located in the center of the periodic table, specifically in groups 3 through 12. They are characterized by their ability to form stable compounds and exhibit variable oxidation states.
Unique characteristics of transition metals include:
Unique characteristics of transition metals include:
- They often display high melting and boiling points.
- Known for their excellent conductivity of heat and electricity.
- Capable of forming complex compounds and alloys.
- Commonly have multiple oxidation states, making them versatile in chemical reactions.
