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Chapter 17: Problem 3

In respiring tissues, an increase in blood \(\mathrm{PCO}_{2}\) causes all of the following except a) An increase in the hydrogen ion concentration. b) An increase in the bicarbonate concentration. c) An increase in the carbaminohemoglobin concentration. d) An increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. e) An increase in hemoglobin unloading of oxygen.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The correct answer is d) An increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding the problem

This question examines the effects of increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide \( \mathrm{PCO}_{2} \) in blood on several factors related to hemoglobin and oxygen transport. To solve it, we must identify which option does not occur as a result of increased \( \mathrm{PCO}_{2} \).
02

Analyzing the effects of increased \( \mathrm{PCO}_{2} \)

An increase in blood \( \mathrm{PCO}_{2} \) typically leads to the following changes: \( \mathrm{CO}_{2} \) reacts with water to form carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ions, thus lowering pH. This condition shifts the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, reducing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen and promoting oxygen unloading. Additionally, \( \mathrm{CO}_{2} \) forms bicarbonate and carbaminohemoglobin.
03

Identifying the exception

Options a), b), c), and e) align with the physiological changes due to increased \( \mathrm{PCO}_{2} \): increased hydrogen ions, increased bicarbonate, and an increase in carbaminohemoglobin all result in decreased hemoglobin oxygen affinity and increased oxygen unloading. Option d) - an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen - is the exception, as it contradicts the other physiological effects.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Carbon Dioxide Transport
Understanding how carbon dioxide (CO鈧�) is transported in the blood is crucial for grasping the physiology of respiration. CO鈧�, a byproduct of cellular respiration, moves from the body's tissues into the bloodstream. This transport happens in three primary ways:

  • Dissolved in Plasma: A small amount of CO鈧� dissolves directly in the blood plasma.
  • Bound to Hemoglobin: CO鈧� combines with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin. This occurs on the protein portion of hemoglobin, not where oxygen binds, allowing simultaneous transportation.
  • Converted to Bicarbonate: Most CO鈧� gets transformed into bicarbonate ions (HCO鈧冣伝) in red blood cells. This process is facilitated by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
The conversion of CO鈧� to bicarbonate and the formation of carbaminohemoglobin are essential for efficiently removing CO鈧� from tissues and maintaining pH balance in the blood.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that plays a vital role in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. It is composed of four subunits, each containing an iron atom that binds to one oxygen molecule (O鈧�).

Here's how hemoglobin interacts with gases:
  • Oxygen Binding: Hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs where oxygen concentration is high, forming oxyhemoglobin.
  • Affection by CO鈧�: When CO鈧� levels increase, hemoglobin releases more oxygen than it would otherwise. This effect ensures that oxygen is unloaded in tissues that are actively consuming it.
  • Buffering Capacity: Hemoglobin can also buffer hydrogen ions, helping maintain blood pH as CO鈧� levels alter acidity.
By shifting its affinity for oxygen depending on conditions, hemoglobin maintains efficient oxygen delivery tailored to the body's needs.
Oxygen Unloading
Oxygen unloading refers to the process of oxygen being released from hemoglobin as blood circulates to body tissues. This process is highly influenced by levels of carbon dioxide and acidity:

  • Bohr Effect: As CO鈧� levels rise in tissues, they lower the pH of the blood, causing hemoglobin to release oxygen more readily. This phenomenon is called the Bohr effect.
  • Tissue Demand: Oxygen is unloaded where it is most needed, such as in active muscles or organs, ensuring efficient cellular respiration and energy production.
  • Temperature and pH: Along with CO鈧�, changes in temperature and pH further induce hemoglobin to release oxygen where it's required.
Essentially, the release of oxygen from hemoglobin is dynamically regulated to match tissue demand, highlighting the efficiency of respiratory physiology.
Bicarbonate Formation
Bicarbonate formation is a critical process in carbon dioxide transport and acid-base balance in the body. Most CO鈧� taken up by blood cells is converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO鈧冣伝):

  • Carbonic Anhydrase Role: Inside red blood cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction of CO鈧� with water to form carbonic acid (H鈧侰O鈧�).
  • Dissociation to Bicarbonate: Carbonic acid quickly dissociates into hydrogen ions (H鈦�) and bicarbonate ions (HCO鈧冣伝).
  • Chloride Shift: To maintain electrical neutrality, bicarbonate ions exchange with chloride ions (Cl鈦�) across the red blood cell membrane, known as the chloride shift.
This transformation not only aids in transporting CO鈧� away from tissues but also plays a vital role in regulating the pH of the blood, showcasing the interconnectedness of respiratory and metabolic processes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

During hyperventilation, which of the following would be expected to happen? a) An increase in the \(\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{O}_{2}}\) of arterial blood b) An increase in the \(\mathrm{PCO}_{2}\) of arterial blood c) An increase in the acidity of arterial blood d) An increase in the bicarbonate concentration of arterial blood e) A decrease in the \(\mathrm{pH}\) of arterial blood

Describe what happens to oxygen and carbon dioxide as blood travels through the circulatory system. Start in the left ventricle and finish in the left atrium.

The amount of carbon dioxide in systemic arterial blood is less than \(50 \%\) of that in mixed venous blood. (true/false)

An increase in the \(\mathrm{P}_{2}\) of alveolar air would be expected to trigger local (vasoconstriction/vasodilation).

When a person exercises, ventilation increases to meet the demands of more active tissues. This is an example of a) Hyperventilation. b) Hypoventilation. c) Hypoxia. d) Apnea. e) Hyperpnea.
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