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Chapter 2: Problem 143

Typical seed consists of (a) Seed coat (b) Cotyledon (c) Embryo axis (d) All of these

Short Answer

Expert verified
The correct answer is (d) All of these.

Step by step solution

01

Analyzing the options

Read each option carefully and determine which parts are typically found in a seed. Option (a) suggests it's only the Seed coat, option (b) indicates it's only the Cotyledon, while option (c) is pointing to only the Embryo axis. Option (d) suggests it's all of the above options.
02

Understanding seed structure

The structure of a typical seed includes the following parts. The seed coat which is an outer protective covering of a seed. The cotyledon which is a part of the embryo within the seed of a plant, it becomes the embryonic first leaves of a seedling when germination occurs. The embryo axis consists of the radicle and plumule which respectively give rise to the root and shoot system of the plant.
03

Choosing the correct option

Considering the structure of a typical seed, which includes all the parts listed - Seed coat, Cotyledon, Embryo axis - the correct answer should be one that encompasses all of these elements.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Seed Coat
The seed coat is the outermost protective layer of a seed. Its role is to safeguard the delicate inner parts of the seed from a variety of hazards. These hazards include:
  • Physical damage due to knocks or pressure.
  • Desiccation, which is the drying out of the seed.
  • Predation by insects and other animals.
  • Infection by pathogens such as bacteria and fungi.
The seed coat typically comprises two layers: the outer testa and the inner tegmen. Together, these layers form a barrier that is often tough, preventing water and gases from entering the seed prematurely.
When conditions are right for the seed to germinate, usually triggered by temperature and moisture conditions, the seed coat will soften or split to allow the emerging seedling to grow.
Cotyledon
Cotyledons are the embryonic leaves found within the seed that provide vital nutrients to the developing plant. Depending on the type of plant, there can be one or two cotyledons.
  • Monocots have one cotyledon.
  • Dicots have two cotyledons.
The primary function of cotyledons is to store and supply the necessary food reserves to the seedling until true leaves develop and photosynthesis can commence.
Cotyledons contain stored food in the form of starch, proteins, and lipids. During germination, enzymes break down these stored nutrients, transforming them into usable energy for growth. Cotyledons may appear as the first leaves above the soil as the seedling emerges, but their role is temporary, giving way to the plant's permanent foliage.
Embryo Axis
The embryo axis is the precursor to all of a plant's future structures. It contains two critical parts:
  • Radicle - the part of the embryo axis that will develop into the root system.
  • Plumule - the part of the embryo axis that will develop into the shoot system.
The radicle is typically the first part to emerge during germination, anchoring the plant and accessing water and nutrients.
Afterward, the plumule emerges, growing upwards to form the stem and leaves. Together, these elements ensure that the plant achieves a stable start, securing its access to resources and enabling it to develop into a mature plant.
The embryo axis represents the first steps a seed takes towards life, containing everything needed to form a new plant through a series of carefully orchestrated growth processes.

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