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Chapter 7: Problem 5

From the DNA template sequence \(3^{\prime}\)-ATGCAGTAG-5', what are the complementary messenger RNA sequence, transfer RNA anticodon sequences, and corresponding amino acids? Is there a terminator (nonsense) codon in the sequence? If so, what is it?

Short Answer

Expert verified
The mRNA is 5'-UACGUCAUC-3', tRNA anticodons are 3'-AUGCAGUAG-5'; amino acids are Tyr-Val-Ile. 'UAG' is a stop codon.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding DNA Sequence to mRNA

Given the DNA template strand sequence is \(3'\)-ATGCAGTAG-\(5'\). When transcribing the DNA to mRNA, each DNA base pairs with its complementary RNA base: Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U), Thymine (T) with Adenine (A), Cytosine (C) with Guanine (G), and Guanine (G) with Cytosine (C). Thus, the mRNA sequence is \(5'\)-UACGUC AUC-\(3'\).
02

Determining tRNA Anticodons

tRNA anticodons are complementary to the mRNA codons. The mRNA codons are \(5'\)-UAC, GUC, AUC-\(3'\). The corresponding tRNA anticodons, which pair with the mRNA from 3' to 5', are \(3'\)-AUG, CAG, UAG-\(5'\).
03

Identifying Corresponding Amino Acids

The mRNA sequence \(5'\)-UAC-GUC-AUC-\(3'\) is translated into the polypeptide sequence of amino acids. UAC codes for tyrosine (Tyr), GUC codes for valine (Val), and AUC codes for isoleucine (Ile). Thus, the corresponding amino acids are Tyrosine- Valine- Isoleucine.
04

Checking for Terminator Codon

A terminator or stop codon in mRNA is 'UAA', 'UAG', or 'UGA'. In the mRNA sequence \(5'\)-UAC-GUC-AUC-\(3'\), the codon 'UAG' is found, which is a stop codon indicating termination of translation.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

mRNA Sequence
The mRNA sequence is crafted by transcribing a DNA template into a complementary RNA form. This process involves replacing thymine (T) found in DNA with uracil (U) in RNA. For the given DNA template strand, which is \[3'\text{-ATGCAGTAG-}5' \]we perform transcription by aligning each base to its RNA complement:
  • Adenine (A) in DNA pairs with Uracil (U) in mRNA.
  • Thymine (T) pairs with Adenine (A).
  • Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).
  • Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).
Applying these rules, the resulting mRNA sequence becomes \[5'\text{-UACGUC AUC-}3'\]after transcription. This newly formed mRNA sequence is a mirror image, so to speak, of the code written in the DNA blueprint.
tRNA Anticodons
The anticodons found in tRNA are vital for translating mRNA into amino acids. Each tRNA molecule comes with its specialized anticodon matching with a specific codon on the mRNA strand. Anticodons pair with mRNA codons in an antiparallel format, reading the mRNA from \[5' \rightarrow 3'\]while translating to tRNA from \[3' \rightarrow 5'\]. For the mRNA sequence \[5'\text{-UAC, GUC, AUC-}3'\],the tRNA anticodons are:
  • mRNA codon UAC pairs with tRNA anticodon AUG.
  • mRNA GUC pairs with CAG.
  • mRNA AUC pairs with UAG.
These anticodons ensure accurate protein synthesis during translation.Once paired, the tRNA hands over the correct amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain.
Amino Acids
Amino acids are the end products of the translation process, forming proteins that perform numerous functions within organisms. The mRNA sequence is read in sets of three nucleotides called codons, each of which correlates to specific amino acids. From our previous mRNA sequence:\[5'\text{-UAC-GUC-AUC-}3'\],here's the translation into amino acids:
  • UAC translates to Tyrosine (Tyr).
  • GUC translates to Valine (Val).
  • AUC translates to Isoleucine (Ile).
These amino acids are bonded together, forming a chain or polypeptide, which eventually folds into a functional protein. This protein's structure determines its role, from enzymatic activity to structural support.
Stop Codon
During the translation of mRNA into proteins, the presence of a stop codon is crucial for signaling the end of synthesis. Stop codons do not code for any amino acid. Instead, they instruct the translation machinery to cease the addition of amino acids to the growing chain. The three primary stop codons are:
  • UAA
  • UAG
  • UGA
In the mRNA sequence \[5'\text{-UAC-GUC-AUC-}3'\], we encounter the codon 'UAG'. This codon functions as a stop signal, halting the translation process.This termination is vital to ensure proteins are synthesized to their correct size and function, preventing unwanted extensions or truncation, which can disrupt protein functionality.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Match the following terms with their descriptions: Heredity (a) Threadlike molecule of DNA, Chromosome typically circular in prokaryotes Phenotype (b) Permanent alteration in DNA Gene (c) Involves the transmission of Alleles information from an organism Mutation to its progeny Genotype (d) Refers to the genetic information contained in the DNA of an organism (what it actually is) (e) The specific characteristics displayed by the organism (what it appears to be) (f) Linear sequence of DNA that carries coded instructions for structure and function of an organism (g) Different forms of a gene found at a single location (locus)

Match the following metabolic regulation terms with their descriptions: _ Enzyme repression (a) Presence of preferred Feedback inhibition nutrient repressessynthesis Catabolite repression of enzymes that would be Enzyme induction used to metabolize an Repressor alternative substance Operon (b) Sequence of closely associated genes and regulatory sites that regulates enzyme production (c) Presence of a substrate induces the activation of a gene that produces the corresponding enzyme needed for the catabolism of this specific substrate (d) A protein that binds to the operator preventing transcription of adjacent genes (e) Presence of an an abolic product inhibits its further synthesis by inactivating its operon (f) End product of a biochemical pathway directly inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway

What type of RNA carries and transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome for placement in the synthesis of a polypeptide chain? (a) Messenger RNA (b) Transfer RNA (c) Ribosomal RNA (d) \(a\) and \(b\) (c) All of these

What type of RNA carries the genetic information required for protein synthesis? (a) Transfer RNA (b) Messenger RNA (c) Ribosomal RNA (d) All of these (e) None of these

Suppose a point mutation occurred in the third position of a codon in a DNA template coding for a protein, changing it from TTT to TTC. What would be the consequences of this mutation? (a) It would cause a frameshift mutation downstream of the point mutation, resulting in a different protein. (b) It would cause a different amino acid to be placed at this position in the polypeptide, making it a mutant protein. (c) There would be no change in the amino acid at this position because, of the redundancy of the genetic code. Such point mutations are known as " silent mutations" because, although the genotype is different, the phenotype remains the same. (d) All of the above. (e) None of the above.
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