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Chapter 22: Problem 20

Which of the following infectious organisms is a prokaryotic organism? (a) Cryptosporidium parvum (b) Aspergillus niger (c) Taenia solium (d) Salmonella typhi (e) Giardia lamblia

Short Answer

Expert verified
(d) Salmonella typhi is the prokaryotic organism.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding the Terminology

Before identifying the prokaryotic organism, it's important to understand that prokaryotic organisms are unicellular organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus. Members of the prokaryotes are primarily bacteria and archaea.
02

Analyzing Each Option

Let's examine each option provided in the exercise: - (a) **Cryptosporidium parvum**: This is a protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis. Protozoans are eukaryotic. - (b) **Aspergillus niger**: This is a fungus, which is also eukaryotic. - (c) **Taenia solium**: This is a parasitic flatworm, classified as a eukaryotic organism. - (d) **Salmonella typhi**: This is a bacterium responsible for typhoid fever. Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms. - (e) **Giardia lamblia**: This is a protozoan that causes giardiasis and is eukaryotic.
03

Identifying the Prokaryotic Organism

After analyzing each option, we identify that the only prokaryotic organism listed is **Salmonella typhi**, which is a bacterium and fits the definition of a prokaryotic organism.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Bacteria
Bacteria are fascinating and extremely diverse microscopic organisms that play both beneficial and harmful roles in our world. They are classified as prokaryotic organisms, which means they lack a defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles in their cellular structure. Instead, their genetic material is freely suspended within the cytoplasm.
Bacteria possess a simple structure yet are incredibly versatile, allowing them to thrive in various environments, from hot springs to the human gut. Below are some key points about bacteria:
  • They reproduce rapidly through a process known as binary fission, where one cell divides into two identical cells.
  • Bacteria can be shaped like rods (bacilli), spheres (cocci), or spirals (spirilla).
  • While some cause diseases, many bacteria are essential for processes like digestion and nitrogen fixation.
Understanding bacteria helps us comprehend their crucial role in ecosystems, medicine, and industry.
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
To grasp the true nature of prokaryotic organisms like bacteria, it is essential to understand the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These two categories represent the primary classification of all life forms based on cell structure.
  • Prokaryotes: These are simpler, unicellular organisms that do not have a nucleus. Their DNA is found in a nucleoid region. Examples include bacteria and archaea.
  • Eukaryotes: These organisms have complex cells with a true nucleus enclosed by a membrane. Their cells contain various organelles like the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
The main distinction is the presence or absence of a membrane-bound nucleus, with prokaryotes being far simpler than their eukaryotic counterparts.
Salmonella typhi
Salmonella typhi is a type of bacteria known for causing typhoid fever, a serious disease that primarily affects the intestinal tract and bloodstream. It falls under the category of prokaryotic organisms.
This bacterium is transmitted through contaminated food and water and is particularly prevalent in areas with poor sanitation standards. Some important facts about Salmonella typhi include:
  • It specifically targets humans and does not usually affect other animals.
  • The symptoms of typhoid fever can include high fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, and headaches.
  • Preventive measures like good hygiene, clean water access, and vaccination are vital in controlling its spread.
Understanding Salmonella typhi helps us better address public health challenges associated with this infectious agent.
Unicellular Organisms
Unicellular organisms are essentially life forms that consist of a single cell. This single cell performs all the necessary functions for the organism to live and thrive. They are among the simplest forms of life and offer vital insights into biological functions. Examples include bacteria, archaea, and many types of algae and protozoa.
Below are some key aspects:
  • Despite their simplicity, unicellular organisms can survive in a wide range of environments, from deep-sea vents to hot springs.
  • They can reproduce rapidly, often using methods like binary fission or budding.
  • Their ability to adapt gives them an evolutionary advantage, allowing them to persist for billions of years.
Studying unicellular organisms helps us understand fundamental biological processes and the origins of life.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Helicobacter is able to survive the acidic conditions of the stomach by producing which enzyme? (a) \(\beta\)-galactosidase (d) Amylase (b) Coagulase (e) Urease (c) Lactase

Unlike most fecal-oral pathogens, Shigella spreads easily person to person because: (a) It is hardier than other bacteria (b) It forms spores that germinate in the stomach (c) It resists disinfectants (c) It has a low infectious dose (c) All of the above

Which of the following are incorrectly matched? (a) Hamburger-Escherichia coli \(\mathrm{O157: \textrm {H } 7}\) (STEC) (b) Chickens and turkeys-Salmonella enteritidis

Which of the following organisms produces a potent toxin known as Shiga toxin? (a) Salmonella typhi (b) Campylobacter jejuni (c) Escherichia coli O157:H7 (d) Clostridium botulinum (e) Clostridium perfringens

Which of the following is NOT true about dental plaque? (a) It is an intermittently formed coating of microbes and organic matter on tooth surfaces that serve as the first step in tooth decay and gum disease. (b) It begins as positively charged salivary proteins adhere to negatively charged enamel surfaces, forming a pellicle (film) over the tooth surface. (c) Streptococcus mutans attaches to the pellicle where it hydrolyzes sucrose to fructose and glucose, or polymers of glucose that serve as bridges, holding together cells in plaque. (d) Plaque consists of up to 30 different genera of bacteria and their products, such as polymers of glucose (dextran), saliva proteins, and minerals. (e) Plaque that is allowed to accumulate in crevices near the gumline can change into anaerobic pockets full of bacteria that can irritate the gums or destroy underlying bone.
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