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Chapter 18: Problem 13

Major histocompatibility antigens (MHCs) are called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) in humans and are a main cause of transplant rejection. True or false?

Short Answer

Expert verified
True.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding MHC and HLA

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are proteins found on the surface of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances. In humans, these proteins are called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). HLAs are crucial in the immune response and play a significant role in the body's ability to distinguish between its own cells and foreign cells.
02

Connection to Transplant Rejection

Transplant rejection occurs when the recipient's immune system recognizes transplanted tissue or organ as foreign and attacks it. This recognition is often due to differences in the HLA types between the donor and the recipient, making HLAs a principal cause of transplant rejection.
03

Analyzing the Statement

The statement claims that MHCs are called HLAs in humans and that they are a main cause of transplant rejection. Given the information, this statement is consistent with known information about how the immune system works and the role of HLAs in transplant rejection.
04

Conclusion

Since MHCs are indeed called HLAs in humans and contribute majorly to transplant rejection, the provided statement is true.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs)
Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are a set of proteins found on the surface of cells in our bodies. These proteins are crucial because they are responsible for helping the immune system distinguish between self and non-self. In humans, HLAs represent a specific part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

HLAs are highly variable, meaning there are many different types and combinations of these proteins among individuals. This variability is essential for a robust immune response, allowing our bodies to recognize a wide range of potential threats, such as viruses and bacteria.
  • HLAs are inherited from our parents, making each person's HLA profile unique.
  • The specific combination of HLAs plays a crucial role in immune function and disease susceptibility.
  • These proteins are involved in presenting antigens to immune cells, triggering a response against foreign pathogens.
Transplant Rejection
Transplant rejection is a process that occurs when a recipient's immune system attacks a transplanted organ or tissue. This immune response is often triggered because the HLAs on the donor tissue are recognized as foreign by the recipient's immune system.

The mismatch in HLA types between donor and recipient can lead to different kinds of rejection:
  • Hyperacute rejection: Occurs minutes to hours after transplantation and is due to pre-existing antibodies against donor HLAs.
  • Acute rejection: Develops within weeks or months and results from immune cells identifying donor HLAs as non-self.
  • Chronic rejection: Develops over months or years and is a slow, gradual loss of organ function due to ongoing immune attack.
Recognizing and matching HLAs between donor and recipient are critical steps to reduce the risk of transplant rejection, ensuring better long-term acceptance of the transplanted tissue.
Immune System Recognition
Immune system recognition is vital for maintaining health by identifying and responding to foreign invaders. At the heart of this recognition process are HLAs, which are responsible for displaying antigen fragments to immune cells, particularly T cells. When these cells encounter an HLA presenting a foreign antigen, they are activated to initiate an immune response to eliminate the perceived threat.

Here鈥檚 how immune recognition via HLAs works:
  • HLAs present peptides derived from pathogens or abnormal cells on the surface of normal cells.
  • Effector T cells scan these peptides through their receptors.
  • If a foreign peptide is detected, it triggers an immune response aimed at neutralizing or destroying the recognized threat.
This meticulous process helps protect against diseases and infections while maintaining tolerance to the body鈥檚 own cells, a balance crucial for immune health and preventing autoimmune disorders.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A transfusion reaction ending in red blood cell hemolysis is due to an infusion of donor red cells carrying: (a) Arthus reaction antigens (b) Mismatched or different blood type antigen(s) (c) Processed T cell antigens (d) All of the above (e) None of the above

Progression from early-stage HIV disease to AIDS can be expected within a few months (a) In nearly all untreated patients (b) If symptoms of diarrhea and fever are present (c) When the helper T cell count drops to less than 100 per \(\mu\) of blood (d) When the level of virus in the bloodstream begins to rise

Production of autoantibodies may be due to: (a) Emergence of mutant clones of B cells (b) Production of antibodies against sequestered (hidden) tissues (c) Genetic factors (d) All are possible (e) None of these

Which of the following describes Type I immediate hypersensitivity? (a) After initial sensitization to antigen, subsequent exposure to the sensitizing antigen results in formation of antigen-IgG antibody complexes. These immune complexes deposit in tissues where they activate complement. (b) Specific antibodies react with host cell surface antigens interpreted as foreign by the immune system, leading to phagocytosis, killer cell activity, or complementmediated lysis Typical sources of such antigens come from mismatched blood transfusions or Rh incompatibility between infant and mother. (c) This reaction is delayed and mediated by sensitized \(T_{H} 1\) cells that release cytokines responsible for the hypersensitivity reaction. (d) Sensitization to allergen causes B cell activation resulting in production of anti-allergen IgE antibodies that attach to mast cells and basophils. Subsequent exposure to that allergen causes cross-linking of IgE antibodies resulting in deregulation of chemicals that induce allergic responses (c) Both a and c.

Match the following immunological disorder terms to their descriptions: \- Allergen (a) Antibodies against one's \- Primary own tissues immunodeficiency (b) Injection of denatured aller- Anaphylaxis gens inducing tolerance and Atopy production of blocking \(\mathrm{Ig} \mathrm{G}\) Desensitization antibodies Secondary (c) Localized reaction to aller- gen eliciting wheal and flare reaction and other signs and \(\begin{array}{ll}\text { immunodeficiency } & \text { gen eliciting wheal an } \\ \text { Autoantibodies } & \text { reaction and other si } \\ & \text { symptoms of allergy }\end{array}\) (d) Results from damage to B or T cells after their normal development (e) Genetic or developmental defects resulting in lack of or defective B or T cells or both (f) Immediate, exaggerated allergic reaction to antigens (g) Ordinary harmless foreign substance that can cause an exaggerated immunological response
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