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Chapter 4: Problem 23

Which of the following is not true about phagocytosis? (a) It is a form of exocytosis. (b) It is energy dependent. (c) It only occurs in eukaryotes. (d) A larger cell engulfs a smaller cell that will eventually be present in an internal vacuole. (e) It requires fusion of internal lysosomes to engulfed vacuole for contents to be digested.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Statement (a) is not true - phagocytosis is not exocytosis.

Step by step solution

01

Understand Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis is a process where a cell engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome. It is a type of endocytosis, not exocytosis.
02

Evaluate Statement (a)

Statement (a) suggests that phagocytosis is a form of exocytosis. Exocytosis is the process of moving materials from within a cell to the exterior, which is the opposite of phagocytosis. Thus, statement (a) is incorrect.
03

Evaluate Remaining Statements

Check if other options (b) through (e) could be true. (b) Phagocytosis is energy-dependent because it requires ATP to reorganize the actin cytoskeleton. (c) Phagocytosis only occurs in eukaryotes which possess organelles necessary for the process. (d) The process involves a larger cell engulfing a smaller cell, forming an internal vacuole which is true. (e) Engulfed vacuoles require lysosome fusion for content digestion, which is true.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Endocytosis
Endocytosis is the process that cells use to engulf materials from their external environment. This is an important mechanism in cell biology, allowing cells to intake nutrients, eliminate waste, and interact with their surroundings.
There are different types of endocytosis, including phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis:
  • Phagocytosis is the engulfing of large particles such as cells or debris, forming a structure called a phagosome.
  • Pinocytosis involves the ingestion of liquid and the small molecules contained in it.
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a more specific process where cells absorb specific substances using receptor proteins on the cell membrane.
By understanding these processes, students can appreciate how cells maintain homeostasis and perform essential functions. It's the opposite of exocytosis, which involves releasing materials outside the cell.
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope. This organization differentiates them from prokaryotes, which lack a nucleus.
Key features of eukaryotic cells include:
  • A well-defined nucleus containing genetic material (DNA).
  • Complex structure with various organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes.
  • Ability to perform complex processes like phagocytosis and endocytosis.
Eukaryotes can be unicellular, like yeast, or multicellular, like plants and animals. Their cellular complexity allows them to conduct more sophisticated biological tasks than prokaryotes, which is crucial for the survival and function of higher life forms.
Cell biology
Cell biology is the study of cells, their physiological properties, structures, organelles, interactions with their environment, life cycle, division, and death.
It encompasses both the structural components and the functional aspects of cells. At its core, cell biology seeks to understand how cells function and contribute to the larger complexity of life. Aspects like endocytosis and phagocytosis are small glimpses into the dynamic roles that cells play.
Key areas of study in cell biology include:
  • Cellular signaling: Understanding how cells communicate with one another.
  • Cell physiology: Studying the functions and processes within cells.
  • Cell growth and division: Investigating how cells replicate and grow.
By studying cell biology, scientists uncover the mysteries of living organisms, aiding advancements in medicine, genetics, and biotechnology.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are specialized organelles in eukaryotic cells that digest and recycle cellular waste, ingested macromolecules, and damaged organelles. They are often referred to as the "stomach" of the cell due to their role in decomposition and digestion.
Characteristics of lysosomes include:
  • Contain hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down many types of biomolecules.
  • Play a crucial role in the digestion of material brought into the cell via endocytosis.
  • Involved in processes such as autophagy, where the cell degrades its own components.
The fusion of lysosomes with a vacuole (like the phagosome formed during phagocytosis) ensures efficient breakdown and digestion of its content, enabling the cell to acquire nutrients and remove waste. Understanding lysosomes' functions helps illustrate the intricate balance that cells maintain to survive and perform efficiently.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Match the following mechanisms by which substances move across membranes to their descriptive terms: Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Simple diffusion Passive transport Active transport Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution (a) Diffusion in which water molecules diffuse across a selectively permeable membrane (b) Movement of substances down a concentration gradient with no expenditure of energy (c) Passive diffusion down a concentration gradient and across a membrane with the aid of special pores or carrier molecules (d) Fluid environment surrounding cells that contains a higher concentration of a dissolved substance, causing cells to shrink (e) Fluid environment surrounding cells that contains a lower concentration of a dissolved substance, causing cells to burst (f) Requires ATP energy to move molecules and ions against their concentration gradient (g) Net movement of particles from a region of higher to lower concentration (h) Fluid environment surrounding cells that contains an equal concentration of a dissolved substance, causing no change in cell volume

Match the following bacterial locomotion and external structure terms to their descriptions: Phototaxis Flagellum Conjugation pilus Slime layer Chemotaxis Glycocalyx Axial filaments Capsule (a) Spirochete endoflagella causing corkscrew motion (b) Tiny, hollow projection that attaches 2 cells, providing a conduit for exchange of genetic material (c) Term used to describe all polysaccharide-containing substances external to the cell wall (d) A response of some bacteria to move toward or away from light (e) A thick, protective polysaccharide-containing structure located outside of the cell wall (f) Long, thin, helical appendage used for movement (g) Thin glycocalyx that prevents dehydration, traps nutrients, and allows for attachment to other cells and objects in the environment (h) Nonrandom response of movement toward or away from chemical concentration gradients in the environment

Most prokaryotes range in size from \(0.5\) to \(2.0 \mu \mathrm{m}\) yet have large surface-to-volume ratios. This large surface-tovolume ratio allow prokaryotes to: (a) Ward off invaders (b) Resist antibiotics (c) Get nutrients easily to all parts of the cell (d) Undergo meiosis (e) \(b\) and \(d\)

Bacterial fimbriae present on the outer cell surface are used for: (a) Cellular motility (b) Sexual reproduction (c) Cell wall synthesis (d) Adherence to surfaces (e) Adherence and exchange of genetic information

Describe the properties of the cell membrane, and relate them to the fluid- mosaic model.
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