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Killing of liver cells infected with hepatitis B virus is primarily caused by: A. shut-off of cellular protein synthesis. B. intracytoplasmic accumulation of hepatitis B virus antigen aggregates. C. degradation of cellular mRNA. D. attack by cytotoxic \(T\) lymphocytes directed against hepatitis B virus antigens. E. virus-induced aberrant chromosome rearrangements and deletions.

The most common natural mode of transmission of infection with hepatitis \(B\) virus is via: A. contaminated water supply. B. body fluids, such as urine and semen. C. respiratory droplets. D. direct contact. E. infected insect vectors.

Hepatitis delta virus is unique in that: A. infectivity requires an envelope protein provided by a helper virus. B. it has an RNA genome that is replicated by a replicase supplied by a coinfecting helper virus. C. its mRNA is transcribed by a transcriptase supplied by a helper virus. D. the virion contains a reverse transcriptase provided by a helper virus. E. it encodes a protein delta antigen (HDAg) that replaces helper virus glycoproteins in the envelopes of helper virus particles.

A patient suffering from hepatitis underwent a battery of laboratory tests to determine the cause of the disease. The following results were obtained from serological and biochemical testing of the patients serum: HBsAg positive, HBeAg positive, anti-HBcAg IgM positive, anti-HBsAg negative, HDV RNA negative, elevated liver enzymes. From these results, how would you diagnose this patient's infection? A. Acute hepatitis B disease B. Chronic hepatitis B disease C. Chronic hepatitis B disease with hepatitis D superinfection D. Acute hepatitis D disease E. Chronic hepatitis D disease