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Chapter 12: Problem 3

What is the difference between complete dominance, codominance, and incomplete dominance? \- Complete dominance: \- Codominance: \- Incomplete dominance:

Short Answer

Expert verified
Complete dominance masks one allele, codominance equally expresses both alleles, and incomplete dominance blends them.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the definitions

First, identify and understand the basic definitions of complete dominance, codominance, and incomplete dominance.
02

Complete Dominance

In complete dominance, one allele completely masks the effect of the other allele. For example, if 'A' is dominant and 'a' is recessive, AA and Aa will both exhibit the dominant trait.
03

Codominance

In codominance, both alleles in the genotype are fully expressed. An example is blood type AB, where both A and B alleles are equally expressed.
04

Incomplete Dominance

In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the two alleles. For instance, if 'R' is for red flowers and 'r' for white flowers, Rr will result in pink flowers.
05

Comparison

Summarize the main differences: complete dominance involves one allele masking another, codominance involves equal expression of both alleles, and incomplete dominance results in a mixture of both traits.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Complete Dominance
Complete dominance is the simplest form of genetic dominance. In this pattern, one allele completely masks the effect of another allele.
For example, if 'A' is a dominant allele and 'a' is a recessive allele, then the combinations AA (homozygous dominant) and Aa (heterozygous) will both display the trait associated with the dominant allele 'A'.
The recessive allele 'a' only shows its trait when the genotype is aa (homozygous recessive). This means that in the presence of even a single dominant allele, the dominant trait will be expressed.
  • Example: If A = brown eyes and a = blue eyes, both AA and Aa will show brown eyes.
Codominance
In codominance, both alleles in the genotype are fully expressed. This means that neither allele can mask the expression of the other, resulting in a phenotype that clearly shows both traits.
A common example of codominance is the AB blood type in humans. Individuals with the AB genotype express both A and B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells.
  • Example: For blood type, if A = A antigen and B = B antigen, then AB genotype will express both A and B antigens equally.
Incomplete Dominance
Incomplete dominance, also known as partial dominance, occurs when the heterozygous phenotype is a blend or mix of the two alleles. In this pattern, neither allele is completely dominant over the other.
The result is a third, distinct phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.
  • Example: If R = red flowers and r = white flowers, the Rr genotype produces pink flowers, a mix of red and white.
Alleles
Alleles are different versions of a gene that determine specific traits. Genes come in pairs, and each pair is made up of two alleles received from each parent.
These alleles can be dominant or recessive.
  • Example: The gene for flower color might have a red allele (R) and a white allele (r).
The combination of alleles an individual inherits will determine their traits, such as physical characteristics or susceptibility to certain diseases.
Genotype
Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism - specifically, the combination of alleles it possesses.
The genotype is responsible for the traits an organism can pass on to its offspring. It is often represented by two letters, such as AA, Aa, or aa, where each letter represents one allele from each parent.
  • Example: A plant with the genotype Aa for flower color may have red flowers if A is dominant over a.
While the genotype outlines potential traits, the actual expression of these traits in the organism is referred to as the phenotype.

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