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Chapter 12: Problem 9

Which of the following is NOT a necessary condition for Hardy鈥揥einberg equilibrium? (A) Large population size (B) No mutations (C) Monogamous mating partners (D) No migration into or out of the population

Short Answer

Expert verified
Condition C, Monogamous mating partners, is not necessary for Hardy鈥揥einberg equilibrium.

Step by step solution

01

Understand Hardy鈥揥einberg Equilibrium

The Hardy鈥揥einberg equilibrium states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences. The main conditions required to achieve this equilibrium are: large population size, no mutations, random mating, no migration (gene flow), and no selection.
02

Identify the Provided Conditions

The conditions given in the options are: (A) Large population size (B) No mutations (C) Monogamous mating partners (D) No migration into or out of the population
03

Compare Provided Conditions with Necessary Conditions

Compare the necessary conditions for Hardy鈥揥einberg equilibrium with the options provided. Large population size (A) and no mutations (B) are necessary conditions. No migration (D) is also necessary. Hence, we need to check if monogamous mating partners (C) is among the necessary conditions.
04

Evaluate Monogamous Mating Partners

Monogamous mating partners (C) means individuals pair with one partner exclusively. This is not the same as random mating, which is required for Hardy鈥揥einberg equilibrium. Monogamous mating partners can disrupt random mating patterns.
05

Final Decision

Since random mating is required and monogamous mating can disrupt this, it is not a necessary condition for Hardy鈥揥einberg equilibrium.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

population genetics
Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations and involves the examination of the frequency and interaction of alleles and genes in breeding populations. Central to this field is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, a principle that describes how allele frequencies remain constant in a population over time, provided certain conditions are met.
evolutionary influences
Evolutionary influences are factors that can cause change in the allele frequencies in a population, leading it away from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These factors include natural selection, genetic drift, migration (gene flow), and mutations. Each of these forces can alter the genetic structure of a population, affecting its evolution over time.

Natural selection favors certain alleles that confer advantageous traits, while genetic drift involves random changes in allele frequencies, especially in small populations. Migration brings new alleles into a population, potentially changing its genetic makeup. Mutations introduce new genetic variants, providing raw material for evolution.
random mating
Random mating is one of the essential conditions for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It means that individuals mate without regard to their genotype. This ensures that allele frequencies remain unchanged across generations because all individuals have an equal chance to pass on their genes.

Nonrandom mating includes assortative mating, where individuals tend to mate with others that are similar (positive assortative mating) or dissimilar (negative assortative mating) in some traits. Monogamous mating, as assessed in the exercise, disrupts random mating because individuals mate exclusively with one partner, potentially leading to changes in allele frequencies.
allele frequencies
Allele frequencies refer to how common an allele is in a population. In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, these frequencies remain constant over time in the absence of evolutionary influences. The formula \( p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 \) helps calculate the expected genotype frequencies from the allele frequencies, where \( p \) and \( q \) represent the frequencies of the two alleles.

Any change in allele frequencies indicates that one or more of the equilibrium conditions are not being met. Monitoring these frequencies helps scientists understand the dynamics of genetic variation and the factors driving evolutionary change in populations.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

At what point are two populations descended from the same ancestral stock considered to be separate species? (A) \(\quad\) When they can no longer produce viable, fertile offspring. (B) \(\quad\) When they look significantly different from each other. (C) \(\quad\) When they can interbreed successfully and produce offspring. (D) \(\quad\) When their habitats are separated by a significantly large distance so that they cannot meet.

Which of the following statements is FALSE based on Darwin鈥檚 theory of evolution? (A) \(\quad\) Natural selection is the driving force for evolution. (B) \(\quad\) Favorable genetic variations become more and more common in individuals throughout their lives. (C) \(\quad\) Natural selection can drive organisms living in groups to ultimately become distinct species. (D) \(\quad\) Fitness is measured by reproductive success.

In a nonevolving population, there are two alleles, \(R\) and \(r,\) which code for the same trait. The frequency of R is 30 percent. What are the frequencies of all the possible genotypes? (A) \(\quad 49 \%\) RR \(, 42 \%\) Rr, \(9 \%\) rr (B) \(\quad 30 \%\) RR \(, 21 \%\) Rr, \(49 \%\) rr (C) \(\quad 0.09 \%\) RR \(, 0.42 \%\) Rr, \(0.49 \%\) rr (D) \(\quad 9 \%\) RR \(, 42 \%\) Rr, \(49 \%\) rr

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding inheritance of traits according to the modern synthesis model? (A) \(\quad\) A mutation due to excessive amounts of ultraviolet light occurs in an unfertilized egg; this will affect the child who is born from that egg. (B) \(\quad\) The muscular strength gained by a weight lifter during his lifetime is inherited by his children. (C) \(\quad\) A green-feathered bird that survived all of the predators in the forest will pass on the green feather genes to its offspring. (D) \(\quad\) A flower with a tasty nectar eaten by a butterfly is more likely to pass on its genes through the pollen spread by the butterfly than a flower with less desirable nectar.

In a species of plant, a homozygous red flower (RR) is crossed with a homozygous yellow flower (rr). If the \(\mathrm{F}_{1}\) generation is self- crossed and the \(F_{2}\) generation has a phenotypic ratio of red:orange:yellow of \(1: 2: 1,\) which characteristic accounts for these results? (A) Codominance (B) Incomplete dominance (C) Penetrance (D) Expressivity
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