/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Problem 21 What is a proto-oncogene? What a... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91影视

91影视

Log out

Learning Materials

Features

Discover

Chapter 25: Problem 21

What is a proto-oncogene? What are the typical functions of proteins encoded by proto-oncogenes? At the level of protein function, what are the general ways that proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Proto-oncogenes are genes that help cells grow, and the proteins they encode perform various functions within cells, like cell division stimulation or blood vessel construction. These proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes through point mutations in the DNA sequence, gene amplification, or chromosomal translocation, leading to potential cancer development.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Proto-Oncogenes

Proto-oncogenes are genes that normally help cells grow. When these genes mutate, they can become oncogenes, or genes that have the potential to cause cancer.
02

Functions of Proto-Oncogenes

Proteins encoded by proto-oncogenes have various functions within cells, which can include stimulating cell division, preventing cell differentiation, inhibiting cell death, or prompting blood vessel construction.
03

Conversion of Proto-Oncogenes to Oncogenes

Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes in several ways. One way is through a point mutation in the DNA sequence of a proto-oncogene, which can lead to a change in the protein structure that makes it more active or resistant to degradation. Another way is through gene amplification, where multiple copies of a gene are produced, resulting in an overproduction of the protein. Finally, chromosomal translocation can also play a role. Here, a piece of chromosome is transferred to another chromosome so that a proto-oncogene is placed near an active promoter, which leads to an overproduction of the protein.

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with 91影视!

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

What is a retroviral oncogene? Is it necessary for viral infection and proliferation? How have retroviruses acquired oncogenes?

We often speak of diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU) and achondroplasia as having a genetic basis. Explain whether the following statements are accurate with regard to the genetic basis of any human disease (not just PKU and achondroplasia). A. An individual must inherit two copies of a mutant allele to have disease symptoms. B. A genetic predisposition means that an individual has inherited one or more alleles that make it more likely that she or he will develop disease symptoms than other individuals in a population will. C. A genetic predisposition to develop a disease may be passed from parents to offspring. D. The genetic basis for a disease is always more important than the environment.

Some people have a genetic predisposition for developing prion diseases. Examples are described in Table 25.6. In the case of Gerstmann-Straulssler- Scheinker disease, the age of onset is typically \(30-50\) years, and the duration of the disease (which leads to death) is about 5 years. Suggest a possible explanation why someone can live for a relatively long time without symptoms and then succumb to the disease in a relatively short time.

Discuss why a genetic disease might have a particular age of onset. Would an infectious disease have an age of onset? Explain why or why not.

Marfan syndrome is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes a protein called fibrillin- 1 . It is inherited as a dominant trait. The fibrillin-1 protein is the main constituent of extracellular microfibrils. These microfibrils can exist as individual fibers or associate with a protein called elastin to form elastic fibers. People with the disorder tend to be unusually tall with long limbs, and they may have defects in their heart valves and aorta. Let's suppose a phenotypically unaffected woman has a child with a man who has Marfan syndrome. A. What is the probability this child will have the disease? B. If this couple has three children, what is the probability that none of them will have Marfan syndrome?
See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Biology Textbooks

Control of Gene Expression

Read Explanation

Ecological Levels

Read Explanation

Cellular Energetics

Read Explanation

Microbiology

Read Explanation

Biological Structures

Read Explanation

Cells

Read Explanation
View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.