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Chapter 11: Problem 4

What are the formulas of the stop codons in terms of the IUBMB symbols?

Short Answer

Expert verified
The stop codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA.

Step by step solution

01

Introduction

In the genetic code, stop codons signal the termination of protein synthesis. They are denoted by specific nucleotide triplets in mRNA.
02

Identifying the Stop Codons

There are three main stop codons in terms of the DNA nucleotide sequence: TAA, TAG, and TGA. During transcription, DNA is translated into mRNA, and these stop codon sequences become UAA, UAG, and UGA, respectively, when thymine (T) is replaced by uracil (U) in RNA.
03

Using IUBMB Symbols

The IUBMB (International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) symbols aim to represent nucleotides in a standardized manner. In the context of RNA, A stands for Adenine, U for Uracil, G for Guanine, and C for Cytosine. Thus, the three mRNA stop codons using IUBMB symbols are represented as: UAA, UAG, and UGA.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Stop Codons
In the genetic code, stop codons play a crucial role in signaling the end of protein synthesis. When ribosomes reach one of these codons during translation, they release the newly formed protein chain. This ensures that proteins are made correctly and are not too long or short.
Stop codons are specific sequences of three nucleotides in messenger RNA (mRNA) that do not code for any amino acid. In the mRNA sequence, there are three primary stop codons to be aware of:
  • UAA
  • UAG
  • UGA
Each of these sequences tells the cellular machinery to stop adding amino acids to the protein chain. Understanding how they function is essential for comprehending the process of protein synthesis.
mRNA
Messenger RNA, commonly referred to as mRNA, serves as the intermediary between the DNA and proteins. During transcription, DNA is copied into mRNA, which then carries the genetic instructions to the ribosomes. This is where protein synthesis occurs.
mRNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T), which is found in DNA. The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is crucial, as it determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins.
This RNA molecule includes regions such as the open reading frame where amino acids are encoded, and non-coding regions like the stop codons that signal the end of this process.
  • The process of translating mRNA into proteins is essential for life and cellular functions.
  • The accuracy of translation is critical; errors can result in nonfunctional or harmful proteins.
IUBMB Symbols
The IUBMB symbols form a standardized representation of nucleotides used in DNA and RNA sequences. This system was developed by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology to create consistency in genetic coding across scientific literature and data.
In RNA:
  • A stands for Adenine
  • U stands for Uracil
  • G stands for Guanine
  • C stands for Cytosine
These symbols provide a universally recognized language for scientists discussing genetic information. For the stop codons in mRNA, using the IUBMB symbols help standardize:
  • UAA
  • UAG
  • UGA
These symbols allow for precise communication and understanding when it comes to defining genetic sequences and the processes they dictate.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What possible amino acids are specitied by a codon that consists if (a) All pyrimidines? (b) All purines?

Protein synthesis occurs with high fidelity. In prokaryotes, incorrect amino acids are inserted at the rate of approximately \(10^{-3}\) (that is, one incorrect amino acid per 1000 translated). What is the probability that a polypeptide of 300 amino acids has exactly the amino add sequence specified in the mRNA?

The nontranscribed sequence at the beginning of a gene reads '5'-ATGCATCCGGGCTCATTAGTCT _..*3' Two mutations are studied Mutation \(X\) has an insertion of a \(G\) immediately after the underlined \(G\), and mutation \(Y\) has a deletion of the red \(A\). What is the amino acid sequence of each of the following? (a) the wildtype polypeptide (b) the polypeptide in mutant \(X\)

The synthetic polymer, poly-A. is used as an mRNA molecule in an in vitro protein-synthesizing syslem that does not need a special start codon. Polylysine is synthesized. A single guanine nucleotide is added to one end of the poly- \(A\). The resulting polylysine has a glutamic acid at the amino terminus. Was the \(G\) added to the \(3^{\prime}\) or the \(5^{\prime}\) end of the poly-A?

What polypeptide products are made when the alternating polymer GUGU ... is used in an in viro proteinsynthesizing system that does not need a start codon?
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