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Chapter 8: Problem 39

Species I has \(2 n=8\) chromosomes and species II has \(2 n=14\) chromosomes. What would the expected chromosome numbers be in individuals with the following chromosome mutations? Give all possible answers. a. Allotriploidy including species I and II b. Autotetraploidy in species II c. Trisomy in species I d. Monosomy in species II e. Tetrasomy in species I f. Allotetraploidy including species I and II

Short Answer

Expert verified
a. 15 or 18 chromosomes b. 28 chromosomes c. 9 chromosomes d. 13 chromosomes e. 10 chromosomes f. 22 chromosomes

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Base Chromosome Numbers

Species I has a diploid chromosome number of 8, meaning it has a haploid number (n) of 4. Meanwhile, species II has a diploid chromosome number of 14, with a haploid number (n) of 7. These haploid numbers will be fundamental in determining the chromosome numbers in various mutations.
02

Allotriploidy Analysis

In allotriploidy involving species I and species II, the individual will have the haploid chromosomes of one species combined with the diploid chromosomes of another species. Potential combinations include: \(4 + 2(7) = 18\) chromosomes if species I is haploid and species II is diploid, and \(7 + 2(4) = 15\) chromosomes if species II is haploid and species I is diploid.
03

Autotetraploidy in Species II

Autotetraploidy occurs when a species doubles its diploid chromosome content. For species II, this results in \(2 \times 2n = 4n = 4 \times 7 = 28\) chromosomes.
04

Trisomy in Species I

Trisomy averages an extra chromosome to the diploid number. For species I, which is normally 8, adding one extra chromosome results in \(8 + 1 = 9\) chromosomes.
05

Monosomy in Species II

Monosomy results in the loss of one chromosome. Species II normally has 14 chromosomes, so under monosomy, it will have \(14 - 1 = 13\) chromosomes.
06

Tetrasomy in Species I

Tetrasomy features two extra chromosomes. For species I with a standard count of 8 chromosomes, adding two results in \(8 + 2 = 10\) chromosomes.
07

Allotetraploidy Analysis

Allotetraploidy combines the entire diploid sets of two different species. With species I and II, the total features both sets combined: \(8 + 14 = 22\) chromosomes.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Allotriploidy
Allotriploidy is a fascinating type of chromosome mutation where the chromosome sets come from different species. When we talk about allotriploidy involving species I and II, we combine their chromosomes in a special way.
  • Species I's haploid set is 4, and when added to the diploid set of species II (14 chromosomes), we get 18 chromosomes in total.
  • Alternatively, for another type of allotriploid mix, species I's diploid set (8 chromosomes) can combine with the haploid set of species II (7 chromosomes), resulting in 15 chromosomes overall.
This means that allotriploid organisms can have different haploid-diploid blends from parent species, displaying varieties in their genetic makeup.
Autotetraploidy
Autotetraploidy is a fascinating phenomenon where a species doubles its chromosome number. For species II, with a normally diploid chromosome number of 14, autotetraploidy occurs when all chromosomes are duplicated, resulting in four full sets.
  • This means species II's autotetraploid form has 28 chromosomes (4 sets of 7).
This increase in chromosome number can affect the organism鈥檚 size, adaptability, and evolution as it carries more genes, which may confer novel traits or increased robustness.
Trisomy
Trisomy is a type of chromosome mutation where one additional chromosome is added to a diploid cell. In the context of species I, which normally has 8 chromosomes, trisomy results in the cell having one extra, making it 9. Trisomy affects the balance of gene expression, which can lead to developmental changes. This added chromosome disrupts the normal pairing during reproduction, leading to possible physiological and phenotypic changes, depending on which chromosome carries the trisomic condition.
Monosomy
Monosomy involves losing a single chromosome, which results in a cell having one fewer chromosome than normal. In species II, which normally has 14 chromosomes, monosomy would result in having only 13 chromosomes. The lack of one chromosome can have significant effects because it results in a loss of genetic material. This can lead to diseases or developmental issues. Monosomic cells often find it harder to function properly, impacting the organism's health or development.
Tetrasomy
Tetrasomy occurs when there are two extra chromosomes within the organism's cells. For species I, this involves having 8 plus 2 additional chromosomes, resulting in a total of 10. This condition amplifies the genetic dosage of two chromosomes, which can result in complex genetic expressions and different phenotypic traits. Both beneficial and detrimental effects can occur depending on which chromosome pair receives the additional copies.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Humans and many other complex organisms are diploid, possessing two sets of genes, one inherited from the mother and one from the father. However, a number of eukaryotic organisms spend most of their life cycles in a haploid state. Many of these eukaryotes, such as Neurospora and yeast, still undergo meiosis and sexual reproduction, but most of the cells that make up the organism are haploid. Considering that haploid organisms are fully capable of sexual reproduction and generating genetic variation, why are most complex eukaryotes diploid? In other words, what might be the evolutionary advantage of existing in a diploid state instead of a haploid state? And why might a few organisms, such as Neurospora and yeast, exist as haploids?

What is the difference between primary Down syndrome and familial Down syndrome? How does each type arise?

How can inversions in which no genetic information is lost or gained cause phenotypic effects?

Nicotiana glutinosa \((2 n=24)\) and Nicotiana tabacum \((2 n=48)\) are two closely related plants that can be intercrossed, but the \(\mathrm{F}_{1}\) hybrid plants that result are usually sterile. In 1925 , Roy Clausen and Thomas Goodspeed crossed \(N\). glutinosa and \(N\). tabacum and obtained one fertile \(F_{1}\) plant (R. E. Clausen and T. H. Goodspeed. 1925\. Genetics \(10: 278-284\) ). They were able to self-pollinate the flowers of this plant to produce an \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) generation. Surprisingly, the \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) plants were fully fertile and produced viable seeds. When Clausen and Goodspeed examined the chromosomes of the \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) plants, they observed 36 pairs of chromosomes in metaphase I and 36 individual chromosomes in metaphase II. Explain the origin of the \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) plants obtained by Clausen and Goodspeed and the numbers of chromosomes observed.

The Notch mutation is a deletion on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Female flies heterozygous for Notch have an indentation on the margins of their wings; Notch is lethal in the homozygous and hemizygous conditions. The Notch deletion covers the region of the X chromosome that contains the locus for white eyes, an X-linked recessive trait (see Chapter 4). Give the phenotypes and proportions of progeny produced in the following crosses. a. A red-eyed Notch female is mated with a white-eyed male b. A white-eyed Notch female is mated with a red-eyed male c. A white-eyed Notch female is mated with a white-eyed male
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