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Chapter 8: Problem 22

The following diagram represents two nonhomologous chromosomes: \({A B \cdot C D E F G}\) \(R S \cdot T U V W X\) What type of chromosome mutation would produce each of the following groups of chromosomes? a. \(A B \cdot C D\) \(R S \cdot T U V W X E F G\) b.\( A U V B \cdot C D E F G\) \(R S \cdot T W X\) c. \(A B \cdot T U V F G\) \(R S \cdot C D E W X\) d. \(A B \cdot C W G\) \(R S \cdot T U V D E F X\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Translocation, (b) Insertion, (c) Reciprocal Translocation, (d) Translocation.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding the Chromosomal Mutations

Chromosome mutations include several types, such as deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation. Each option given involves a rearrangement of segments between or within chromosomes, and identifying the type requires understanding these mutations.
02

Analyzing Group (a)

In option (a), the phrase \(A B \cdot C D\) and \(R S \cdot T U V W X E F G\) indicates that \(E F G\) from the first chromosome was added to the end of the second chromosome. This is characteristic of a translocation, where segments of one chromosome are moved to a nonhomologous chromosome.
03

Analyzing Group (b)

For option (b), the sections \(A U V B \cdot C D E F G\) and \(R S \cdot T W X\) denote that a fragment \(U V\) from the second chromosome is inserted into the first chromosome between \(A\) and \(B\). This is an example of insertion mutation, where a part of one chromosome is inserted into another chromosome.
04

Analyzing Group (c)

The items in (c), \(A B \cdot T U V F G\) and \(R S \cdot C D E W X\), show a rearrangement of the segments \(C D E\) and \(T U V\) between the chromosomes. This indicates a reciprocal translocation, as segments have switched places between the two chromosomes without altering the overall number of segments.
05

Analyzing Group (d)

In (d), with parts \(A B \cdot C W G\) and \(R S \cdot T U V D E F X\), the sections \(D E F\) and \(W\) have been interchanged between the chromosomes. Like (c), this represents a translocation, where chromosome segments are exchanged between nonhomologous chromosomes, but with additional recombination present compared to typical translocation due to the specific position changes.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Nonhomologous Chromosomes
Nonhomologous chromosomes are chromosomes that do not pair during the process of meiosis because they do not have the same structural configuration or genetic content. They hold different sets of genetic information.
This lack of pairing during reproduction is a result of them belonging to different chromosome pairs.
Unlike homologous chromosomes that carry alleles for the same set of traits, nonhomologous chromosomes contain genes for entirely different characteristics.
  • During various chromosomal mutations, segments from nonhomologous chromosomes can be rearranged, causing several genetic variations.
  • Chromosomal mutations involving nonhomologous chromosomes often lead to significant structural changes since these chromosomes have different gene sequences.
Understanding these basic differences helps in comprehending the effects of mutations like translocations and insertions on genetic information.
Translocation Mutation
Translocation mutation involves the transfer of a chromosome segment from one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome. This can result in segments of genetic material being exchanged incorrectly and can sometimes have hazardous effects if important genetic information is disrupted.
There are primarily two main types of translocation mutations:
  • Reciprocal Translocation: Here, segments from two nonhomologous chromosomes are swapped. This leads to a mutual exchange without a loss of genetic material, although gene function might still be impaired due to new positions.
  • Non-reciprocal Translocation: This occurs when a segment from one chromosome is transferred and attached to a nonhomologous chromosome without any reciprocal exchange.
Translocation mutations can play a critical role in diseases such as cancer, where genetic information is rearranged, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
Insertion Mutation
Insertion mutation refers to the insertion of a fragment from one chromosome into another chromosome that is nonhomologous. This type of mutation involves the addition of extra DNA, which can alter the reading frame of the genetic code.
Here are some key points to consider:
  • The inserted segment can lead to significant variations in genetic information, especially when it occurs within genes.
  • Because it can disrupt a gene by adding unwanted DNA, insertion mutation often results in genetic disorders or diseases.
  • In some cases, if the insertion happens in a non-coding region of the genome, it might not have any noticeable effects.
Understanding insertion mutations is vital for genetic research and therapy, as they can have both detrimental and benign effects depending on their location and extent of insertion.
Reciprocal Translocation
Reciprocal translocation, a subtype of translocation mutation, involves a reciprocal exchange of segments between two nonhomologous chromosomes. This mutual exchange alters the structure of both chromosomes involved but doesn't necessarily change the total content of genetic information.
Here are the main implications:
  • This type of mutation generally preserves genetic balance because no DNA is gained or lost, yet the rearrangement can disrupt gene function.
  • In some cases, during meiosis, reciprocal translocations can lead to an unequal distribution of genetic material in gametes, potentially leading to fertility issues or genetic anomalies in offspring.
  • Reciprocal translocations are sometimes identified in familial genetic studies, providing insight into inherited conditions or chromosomal disorders.
While reciprocal translocations maintain genetic balance, the rearranged segment locations often result in phenotypic abnormalities or genetic disorders.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What is the difference between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy? How does each arise?

List the three basic categories of chromosome mutations, and define each one.

An individual heterozygous for a reciprocal translocation possesses the following chromosomes: \(A B \cdot C D E F G\) \(A B \cdot C D V W X\) \(R S \cdot T U E F G\) \(R S \cdot T U V W X\) a. Draw the pairing arrangement of these chromosomes in prophase I of meiosis. b. Diagram the alternate, adjacent-1, and adjacent-2 segregation patterns in anaphase I of meiosis. c. Give the products that result from alternate, adjacent-1, and adjacent-2 segregation.

A young couple is planning to have children. Knowing that there have been a substantial number of stillbirths, miscarriages, and fertility problems on the husband's side of the family, they see a genetic counselor. A chromosome analysis reveals that whereas the woman has a normal karyotype, the man possesses only 45 chromosomes and is a carrier of a Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes 22 and \(13 .\) a. List all the different types of gametes that might be produced by the man. b. What types of zygotes will develop when each of the gametes produced by the man fuses with a normal gamete produced by the woman? c. If trisomies and monosomies entailing chromosomes 13 and 22 are lethal, approximately what proportion of the surviving offspring are expected to be carriers of the translocation?

The Notch mutation is a deletion on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Female flies heterozygous for Notch have an indentation on the margins of their wings; Notch is lethal in the homozygous and hemizygous conditions. The Notch deletion covers the region of the X chromosome that contains the locus for white eyes, an X-linked recessive trait (see Chapter 4). Give the phenotypes and proportions of progeny produced in the following crosses. a. A red-eyed Notch female is mated with a white-eyed male b. A white-eyed Notch female is mated with a red-eyed male c. A white-eyed Notch female is mated with a white-eyed male
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