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Chapter 8: Problem 16

What is the difference between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy? How does each arise?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Autopolyploidy comes from one species, allopolyploidy involves two species.

Step by step solution

01

Define Polyploidy

Polyploidy is a condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes. It is common in plants and less frequent in animals. Polyploidy can lead to increased genetic variation and adaptation.
02

Understand Autopolyploidy

Autopolyploidy occurs when an individual has more than two sets of chromosomes that are all derived from a single species. This usually happens due to errors in cell division, such as non-disjunction during meiosis, resulting in gametes with extra chromosome sets.
03

Understand Allopolyploidy

Allopolyploidy arises when an individual has chromosome sets from two or more different species. This typically occurs through hybridization between species, followed by chromosome doubling to restore fertility.
04

Compare Autopolyploidy and Allopolyploidy

The key difference between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy is the source of the chromosome sets. Autopolyploidy involves chromosome sets from one species, while allopolyploidy involves chromosome sets from different species. Autopolyploidy results from abnormal cell division, whereas allopolyploidy involves hybridization and chromosome doubling.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Understanding Autopolyploidy
Autopolyploidy occurs when an organism has additional sets of chromosomes that come from the same species. Imagine the chromosomes multiplying as a result of cell division errors.
  • Sometimes, during cell division, things go awry especially during meiosis where the distribution of chromosomes is crucial.
  • These errors can lead to non-disjunction events where chromosomes do not separate properly.
As a result, gametes鈥攔eproductive cells鈥攅nd up with more chromosome sets than normal.
When these gametes participate in the formation of a new organism, the offspring possesses extra chromosome sets, making it autopolyploid.
This genetic situation is often more manageable in plants than animals. Autopolyploidy can lead to new plant varieties with unique traits as it enhances variation within the species.
Exploring Allopolyploidy
Allopolyploidy tells the story of a mixing and matching process between different species. This process often begins with hybridization, where two different species come together to produce hybrid offspring.
  • Initially, these hybrids may be sterile due to mismatched chromosome sets, which prevents successful reproduction.
  • However, occasionally, a process known as chromosome doubling occurs. This restores the compatibility among chromosomes, and thus revives fertility.
This means the hybrids can now reproduce and pass these multi-species chromosome sets onto the next generation.
Allopolyploidy creates a bridge between species, leading to increased biodiversity and important plant species such as wheat, cotton, and many others arise this way.
Analyzing Chromosome Sets
Understanding chromosome sets is key to grasping polyploidy. Chromosomes carry the genetic instructions for an organism. Normally, organisms inherit two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. This is known as being diploid.
  • In polyploidy, however, an organism has more than two sets.
  • An autopolyploid has chromosome sets from a single species, stacked up from errors in cell division.
  • In contrast, an allopolyploid brings together chromosome sets from different species, often through hybridization.
These additional chromosomal sets contribute to increased genetic resources, allowing for greater adaptability and evolution.
In plants, polyploidy can result in superior traits such as larger size, improved resistance to disease, and a wider range of environmental tolerance, proving how beneficial this condition can be in nature.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The green-nose fly normally has six chromosomes: two metacentric and four acrocentric. A geneticist examines the chromosomes of an oddlooking green-nose fly and discovers that it has only five chromosomes; three of them are metacentric and two are acrocentric. Explain how this change in chromosome number might have taken place.

In mammals, sex-chromosome aneuploids are more common than autosomal aneuploids, but, in fishes, sex-chromosome aneuploids and autosomal aneuploids are found with equal frequency. Offer a possible explanation for these differences between mammals and fishes. (Hint: Think about why sex-chromosome aneuploids are more common than autosomal aneuploids in mammals.)

Explain why autopolyploids are usually sterile, whereas allopolyploids are often fertile.

A young couple is planning to have children. Knowing that there have been a substantial number of stillbirths, miscarriages, and fertility problems on the husband's side of the family, they see a genetic counselor. A chromosome analysis reveals that, whereas the woman has a normal karyotype, the man possesses only 45 chromosomes and is a carrier of a Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes 22 and 13\. a. List all the different types of gametes that might be produced man. b. What types of zygotes will develop when each of gametes produced by the man fuses with a normal gamete produced by the woman? c. If trisomies and monosomies entailing chromosomes 13 and 22 are lethal, approximately what proportion of the surviving offspring are expected to be carriers of the translocation?

How do translocations in which no genetic information is lost or gained produce phenotypic effects?
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