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Chapter 3: Problem 60

Given the following genotype for an individual organism that has six pairs of independent genes: Aa Bb DD ee Ff Gg (a) How many different gametes, with respect to gene content, can this individual produce? (b) List all of the possible gametes that can be produced.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The individual organism can produce \(16\) different gametes concerning gene content. These gametes are \(1. ABDeFg, 2. ABDeFG, 3. ABDefg, 4. ABDeFg, 5. AbDeFg, 6. AbDeFG, 7. AbDefg, 8. AbDeFg, 9. aBDeFg, 10. aBDeFG, 11. aBDefg, 12. aBDeFg, 13. abDeFg, 14. abDeFG, 15. abDefg\), and \(16. abDeFg\).

Step by step solution

01

Understanding gamete formation

Gametes are reproductive cells formed by meiosis, a process wherein chromosomes carrying genes are halved. For each pair of genes (an allele pair), one gene will be inherited from each parent. Our given organism's genotype is Aa Bb DD ee Ff Gg.
02

Use multiplication principle

The multiplication principle states that if there are m ways to do something, and n ways to do something else, then there are m * n ways to perform both choices. In the present case, we need to find out how many different gene combinations are possible with respect to gene content.
03

Calculate for each gene pair

Total gametes for gene A: 2 (A or a) Total gametes for gene B: 2 (B or b) Total gametes for gene D: 1 (D only, since it is homozygous dominant) Total gametes for gene E: 1 (e only, since it is homozygous recessive) Total gametes for gene F: 2 (F or f) Total gametes for gene G: 2 (G or g)
04

Apply the multiplication principle

Using the multiplication principle, we multiply the number of gametes possible for each gene pair: 2 (A or a) * 2 (B or b) * 1 (D only) * 1 (e only) * 2 (F or f) * 2 (G or g) = 16 different gametes #a) Answer:# The individual organism can produce 16 different gametes concerning gene content. #b) List all possible gametes#
05

Make all possible combinations

By considering each gene pair, we can generate all 16 different gametes that this organism can produce. 1. ABDeFg 2. ABDeFG 3. ABDefg 4. ABDeFg 5. AbDeFg 6. AbDeFG 7. AbDefg 8. AbDeFg 9. aBDeFg 10. aBDeFG 11. aBDefg 12. aBDeFg 13. abDeFg 14. abDeFG 15. abDefg 16. abDeFg #b) Answer:# These are the 16 possible gametes that the individual organism can produce with respect to gene content.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Meiosis and Genetic Variation
Meiosis is a special type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. It's crucial for sexual reproduction as it forms gametes, which can be either sperm or egg cells. During meiosis, chromosomes undergo a process called crossing over, where they exchange segments of genetic material.
This creates new combinations of genes, increasing the genetic diversity among the offspring.
  • Meiosis occurs in two stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
  • During Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments, which introduces variation.
  • In Meiosis II, the sister chromatids separate, leading to four unique gametes from one original cell.
This variation is key to evolution because it enables populations to adapt to changing environments. In our example, the individual organism's six pairs of independent genes are mixed through this process to create varied gametes.
Allele Combinations
Alleles are different forms of a gene that an organism carries. They arise through mutations and contribute to genetic diversity. For each gene, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent. These combinations can be either homozygous (same alleles) or heterozygous (different alleles).

In our exercise, here's how the alleles are paired:
  • Aa 鈥� heterozygous
  • Bb 鈥� heterozygous
  • DD 鈥� homozygous
  • ee 鈥� homozygous
  • Ff 鈥� heterozygous
  • Gg 鈥� heterozygous
For heterozygous pairs like Aa, there are two possible outcomes for the gametes, either A or a.
For homozygous pairs like DD, only one outcome (D) is possible.
This combination diversity results in 16 potential gametes in total, calculated using the multiplication principle.
Genetic Inheritance Principles
Inheritance follows certain principles established by Gregor Mendel, known as Mendel鈥檚 Laws:
  • Law of Segregation 鈥� Each organism carries two alleles for every trait. During gamete formation, these alleles separate, with each gamete receiving only one allele for each trait.
  • Law of Independent Assortment 鈥� Genes for different traits can segregate independently during gamete formation.
The multiplication principle helps us understand how these rules translate into the number of different gametes an organism can produce.
For each pair of heterozygous alleles, like Aa or Bb, there are two possibilities for the gametes, leading to variability.
For the genotype Aa Bb DD ee Ff Gg, the gamete formation reflects Mendel鈥檚 laws in that each gamete is a unique combination of these alleles.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

If two fruit flies, heterozygous for genes of one allelic pair, were bred together and had 200 offspring ... (a) about how many would have the dominant phenotype? (b) of these offspring, some will be homozygous dominant and some heterozygous. How is it possible to establish which is which?

Given: two strains of snapdragons which differ by a single character; position of the flowers. Strain \(\mathrm{A}\) has flowers that are positioned axially on the plant stem, while Strain \(B\) has terminal flowers. Both strains are considered to be pure breeding for their respective form of the character. When plants from the two strains are reciprocally crossed gives only axially positioned flowers. Second generation progeny exhibited the following: $$ \begin{array}{|l|l|} \hline \text { Phenotype } & \text { Number } \\ \hline \text { axial } & 716 \\ \hline \text { terminal } & 227 \\ \hline \end{array} $$ (a) How is this trait inherited? (b) Using \(\mathrm{A}\) and a for gene symbols, determine the genotypes for the parent strains, the \(\mathrm{F}_{1}\) generation and \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) generation progenies.

What are the possible gametes that can be formed from the following genotypes, assuming all the gene pairs segregate independently? What are the gamete frequencies? (a) \(\mathrm{A} \mathrm{aBBCc}\) (b) DdEEffGg (c) \(\mathrm{MmNnOo}\)

There are two highly inbred strains of laboratory mice whose adult body weights are very different. Assume that the mouse's body weight is under the control of three pairs of contrasting genes: A vs. a, B vs. b and D vs. d. Assume further that each capital letter gene is responsible for contributing \(5.0\) grams to the total body weight, and that lowercase letters contribute \(2.5\) grams to total body weight. The average weight of mice in Strain I is 30 grams, while that of Strain II mice is 15 grams. (a) What are the most likely genotypes of these two strains? (b) Suppose Strain I and Strain II are crossed. What will be the phenotype of the \(\mathrm{F}_{1}\) progeny?

In peas, tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d), yellow (G) is dominant to green \((\mathrm{g})\), and round \((\mathrm{W})\) is dominant to wrinkled (w). What fraction of the offspring of this cross would be homozygous recessive in all gene pairs? GgDdww \(\times\) Ggdd \(\mathrm{Ww}\)
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