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Chapter 19: Problem 2

The formed elements of the blood include (a) plasma, fibrin, and serum, (b) albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen, (c) WBCs, RBCs, and platelets, (d) \(a\), \(b\), and \(c\).

Short Answer

Expert verified
The correct answer is C: WBCs, RBCs, and platelets.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Formed Elements

The formed elements of the blood refer to the cellular components. These include white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), and platelets.
02

Examining Option C

Option C lists WBCs, RBCs, and platelets, which are the actual formed elements of blood. Formed elements are distinct from plasma and proteins found in the blood.
03

Evaluating Other Options

Option A lists plasma, fibrin, and serum, which are components of blood but not cellular components. Option B lists albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen, which are plasma proteins.
04

Choosing the Correct Answer

Based on the examination, option C accurately represents the formed elements of blood. Option D is incorrect as it suggests multiple components including non-cells.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

White Blood Cells
White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, play a critical role in the immune system by defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. They are far fewer in number than red blood cells and are different in that they have a nucleus. There are several types of white blood cells, each with specific functions:
  • Neutrophils: The most abundant type, primarily responsible for fighting bacterial infections.
  • Lymphocytes: Include T-cells and B-cells, which are vital for producing a long-term immune response and attacking viruses.
  • Monocytes: Act as scavengers to engulf dead or damaged cells and microorganisms.
  • Eosinophils and Basophils: Play a role in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
White blood cells can move to any tissue in the body that needs defense, making them highly versatile cells.
It's important to note that an increase or decrease in white blood cell count can indicate various medical conditions, hence their significance in medical diagnostics.
Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are the most abundant cells in the blood. They are primarily responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and returning carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. This is made possible by the protein hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen molecules.
  • Structure: They have a unique biconcave shape, which increases their surface area and allows for flexible movement through blood vessels.
  • Lifecycle: Typically last around 120 days in the circulation before being recycled by the spleen.
The production of red blood cells occurs in the bone marrow, a process called erythropoiesis, which is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin.
A decrease in red blood cell count can lead to anemia, causing fatigue and weakness due to insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues.
Conversely, an increase can occur in conditions like polycythemia, impacting blood flow.
Platelets
Platelets, or thrombocytes, are small, cell-fragment structures that have an essential role in blood clotting. When a blood vessel is injured, platelets gather at the site, creating a temporary plug to prevent blood loss. This action is part of a larger process known as hemostasis.
  • Activation: Upon vessel injury, they become sticky and adhere to the blood vessel lining and to each other, forming a platelet plug.
  • Release: They release chemicals that further recruit more platelets and activate clotting proteins (factors) within the blood plasma to reinforce the plug with a more stable clot.
Platelet production occurs in the bone marrow and they typically circulate in the blood for 7-10 days.
Low platelet counts, known as thrombocytopenia, can result in easy or excessive bleeding.
Excessively high platelet counts, or thrombocythemia, can increase the risk of thrombosis, leading to complications like stroke or heart attack.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Which kinds of WBCs contribute to the body's nonspecific defenses?

After Randy was diagnosed with stomach cancer, nearly all of his stomach had to be removed. Postoperative treatment included regular injections of vitamin \(B_{12}\). Why was this vitamin prescribed, and why were injections specified?

Almost half of our vitamin \(\mathrm{K}\) is synthesized by bacteria that inhabit the large intestine. Based on this information, how could taking a broad-spectrum antibiotic for a long time cause frequent nosebleeds?

The following is a list of the phases involved in the process of hemostasis. (1) coagulation (2) fibrinolysis (3) vascular spasm (4) retraction (5) platelet phase The correct sequence of these phases is (a) \(5,1,4,2,3\), (b) \(3,5,1,4,2\), (c) \(2,3,5,1,4\), (d) \(3,5,4,1,2\), (e) \(4,3,5,2,1\).

What four characteristics of WBCs are important to their response to tissue invasion or injury?
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