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Chapter 3: Problem 10

How do isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions differ?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Isotonic: equal solute concentration, no net water movement; Hypertonic: higher outside solute concentration, water leaves cell; Hypotonic: lower outside solute concentration, water enters cell.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Isotonic Solutions

An isotonic solution is one where the concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell. This balance means there is no net movement of water into or out of the cell, maintaining cell size and shape.
02

Exploring Hypertonic Solutions

In a hypertonic solution, the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than inside the cell. This causes water to move out of the cell into the environment, leading to cell shrinkage or crenation.
03

Examining Hypotonic Solutions

A hypotonic solution is one where the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than inside the cell. Water moves into the cell from the environment, which can cause the cell to swell and potentially burst, a process called lysis.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Isotonic Solutions
In an isotonic solution, the environment surrounding a cell has an equal concentration of solutes as inside the cell. This balance ensures that the rate of water flowing into the cell is equal to the rate leaving it.

When cells are in isotonic conditions, they remain in their normal shape and function optimally.

Think of it like a seesaw perfectly balanced at both ends, with no movement in either direction.

Cells in isotonic solutions don鈥檛 experience stress from water moving in or out. This is why isotonic solutions are often used in medical settings, like intravenous (IV) drips, to ensure that cells remain stable.
  • Constant water exchange
  • Normal cell function
  • No net water movement
Hypertonic Solutions
Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than the inside, creating an environment where water moves out of the cell to balance the solute concentration.

This process, known as osmosis, results in the cell losing water, which can cause it to shrink and wrinkle, a condition called crenation in animal cells.

In plants, this can lead to a condition known as plasmolysis, where the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall.

It's like a sponge losing water and becoming smaller when left in a salty solution.
  • Higher solute concentration outside
  • Water moves out
  • Cell shrinkage or crenation
Hypotonic Solutions
A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration outside the cell compared to the inside. This imbalance causes water to enter the cell, seeking to equalize the solute concentrations on both sides of the cell membrane.

As water fills the cell, it swells and may eventually burst, a phenomenon known as lysis.

In plant cells, however, the rigid cell wall provides additional support to prevent bursting, leading to a turgid state, which is actually beneficial for maintaining the plant鈥檚 structure.

Visualize a balloon being filled with water: as it fills, it swells and may pop if it gets too full.
  • Lower solute concentration outside
  • Water moves in
  • Cell swelling and potential lysis

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Which of the following factors influence the rate at which diffusion takes place? a. Size of the particles. b. Temperature. c. Steepness of the concentration gradient. d. All of the above.
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