/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Problem 25 What is the chemical basis of mo... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91影视

91影视

Log out

Learning Materials

Features

Discover

Chapter 9: Problem 25

What is the chemical basis of molecular hybridization?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Short Answer: Molecular hybridization is the process where atomic orbitals of an atom combine to create new hybrid orbitals to form chemical bonds in molecules. Different types of hybrid orbitals can be formed, such as sp, sp^2, sp^3, dsp^3, and d^2sp^3. An example of hybridization is in methane (CH4), where the carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds with hydrogen atoms. The carbon combines its 2s and three 2p orbitals to create four sp^3 hybrid orbitals which overlap with the hydrogen's 1s orbitals. This results in a tetrahedral geometry with a bond angle of 109.5 degrees.

Step by step solution

01

1. Define Molecular Hybridization

Molecular hybridization is the process by which atomic orbitals of an atom combine to create new hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals then overlap with other orbitals from neighboring atoms to create chemical bonds, resulting in the formation of molecules. This concept was introduced by Linus Pauling to explain the formation and shape of covalent bonds in polyatomic molecules.
02

2. Types of Hybrid Orbitals

There are several types of hybrid orbitals, depending on the number and type of atomic orbitals that combine to form the hybrid orbitals: - sp hybridization: one s orbital and one p orbital combine to form two sp hybrid orbitals. - sp^2 hybridization: one s orbital and two p orbitals combine to form three sp^2 hybrid orbitals. - sp^3 hybridization: one s orbital and three p orbitals combine to form four sp^3 hybrid orbitals. - dsp^3 hybridization: one s orbital, three p orbitals, and one d orbital combine to form five dsp^3 hybrid orbitals. - d^2sp^3 hybridization: one s orbital, three p orbitals, and two d orbitals combine to form six d^2sp^3 hybrid orbitals.
03

3. Example of Molecular Hybridization: Methane (CH4)

Methane (CH4) is a simple example that demonstrates hybridization. In methane, the central carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms. Carbon has an electron configuration of 1s^2 2s^2 2p^2. To form four covalent bonds, the 2s and the three 2p orbitals of the carbon atom combine to create four equivalent sp^3 hybrid orbitals. These sp^3 hybrid orbitals then overlap with the 1s orbitals of the hydrogen atoms to form four C-H sigma bonds. The resulting CH4 molecule has a tetrahedral geometry with a bond angle of 109.5 degrees.

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with 91影视!

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

What is the hyperchromic effect? How is it measured? What does \(T_{m}\) imply?

When Avery and his colleagues had obtained what was concluded to be the transforming factor from the IIIS virulent cells, they treated the fraction with proteases, ribonuclease, and deoxyribonuclease, followed by the assay for retention or loss of transforming ability. What were the purpose and results of these experiments? What conclusions were drawn?

What evidence did Watson and Crick have at their disposal in \(1953 ?\) What was their approach in arriving at the structure of DNA?

What are the exceptions to the general rule that DNA is the genetic material in all organisms? What evidence supports these exceptions?

One of the most common spontaneous lesions that occurs in DNA under physiological conditions is the hydrolysis of the amino group of cytosine, converting it to uracil. What would be the effect on DNA structure if a uracil group replaced cytosine?
See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Biology Textbooks

Microbiology

Read Explanation

Biological Organisms

Read Explanation

Bioenergetics

Read Explanation

Heredity

Read Explanation

Cell Cycle

Read Explanation

Plant Biology

Read Explanation
View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.