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Chapter 4: Problem 29

What genetic criteria distinguish a case of extranuclear inheritance from (a) a case of Mendelian autosomal inheritance; (b) a case of \(\mathrm{X}\) -linked inheritance?

Short Answer

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Answer: The key genetic criteria that distinguish extranuclear inheritance from Mendelian autosomal inheritance and X-linked inheritance include the locations of genes, patterns of trait transmission, and sex-dependence. In extranuclear inheritance, genes are located outside the cell nucleus and often exhibit a maternal pattern of inheritance, while in Mendelian autosomal inheritance, genes are located on the autosomes within the cell nucleus and follow Mendel's laws. In X-linked inheritance, genes are located on the X chromosome within the cell nucleus, and inheritance is sex-dependent.

Step by step solution

01

Define the types of inheritance

Extranuclear inheritance: It is a type of genetic inheritance that occurs outside the cell nucleus involving the transmission of traits through non-chromosomal genetic elements, such as mitochondrial DNA or chloroplast DNA. Mendelian autosomal inheritance: It refers to the transmission of traits controlled by genes located on the autosomes, the non-sex chromosomes. Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment apply to this type of inheritance. X-linked inheritance: It refers to the transmission of traits controlled by genes located on the X chromosome. This mode of inheritance is different because males have only one X chromosome, and females have two.
02

Compare extranuclear inheritance with Mendelian autosomal inheritance

1. Locus of genes: In extranuclear inheritance, genes are present outside the cell nucleus (e.g., in mitochondria or chloroplasts), while in Mendelian autosomal inheritance, genes are present on the autosomes within the cell nucleus. 2. Transmission of traits: Extranuclear inheritance typically exhibits a non-Mendelian pattern. In many cases, traits are maternally inherited due to the transmission of mitochondria or chloroplasts through the egg cells. Mendelian autosomal inheritance follows Mendel's laws, and traits are inherited from both parents. 3. Chromosome segregation: In extranuclear inheritance, segregation is not based on chromosomes, whereas in Mendelian autosomal inheritance, chromosome segregation follows Mendel's first law of segregation.
03

Compare extranuclear inheritance with X-linked inheritance

1. Locus of genes: In extranuclear inheritance, genes are present outside the cell nucleus, while in X-linked inheritance, genes are located on the X chromosome within the cell nucleus. 2. Transmission of traits: Extranuclear inheritance often shows a maternal pattern of inheritance, as the transmission occurs through the cytoplasm of egg cells. In contrast, X-linked inheritance exhibits different patterns in males and females. Males inherit their X chromosome from their mother, while females inherit one X chromosome from each parent. 3. Sex-dependence: Extranuclear inheritance is not sex-dependent, as both males and females inherit the extranuclear genetic material from their mother. In contrast, X-linked inheritance is sex-dependent, as males are hemizygous (having only one copy) for X-linked genes, while females are diploid (having two copies). By comparing the characteristics of extranuclear, Mendelian autosomal, and X-linked inheritance, we can identify the key distinguishing genetic criteria for each mode of inheritance. These differences include the locations of genes, patterns of trait transmission, and sex-dependence.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Labrador retrievers may be black, brown, or golden in color (see the chapter opening photograph on \(\mathrm{p} .53\) ). Although each color may breed true, many different outcomes occur if numerous litters are examined from a variety of matings, where the parents are not necessarily true-breeding. The following results show some of the possibilities. Propose a mode of inheritance that is consistent with these data, and indicate the corresponding genotypes of the parents in each mating. Indicate as well the genotypes of dogs that breed true for each color. (a) black \(\times\) brown \(\longrightarrow\) all black (b) black \(\times\) brown \(\longrightarrow \quad 1 / 2\) black \(1 / 2\) brown (c) black \(\times\) brown \(\longrightarrow \quad 3 / 4\) black \(1 / 4\) golden (d) black \(\quad \times\) golden \(\longrightarrow \quad\) all black (e) black \(\times\) golden \(\longrightarrow \quad 4 / 8\) golden 318 black \(1 / 8\) brown (f) black \(\times\) golden \(\longrightarrow \quad 2 / 4\) golden \(1 / 4\) black \(1 / 4\) brown (8) brown \(\times\) brown \(\longrightarrow \quad 3 / 4\) brown \(1 / 4\) golden (h) black \(\times\) black \(\longrightarrow 9 / 16\) black \(4 / 16\) golden \(3 / 16\) brown

In Drosophila, an \(\mathrm{X}\) -linked recessive mutation, scalloped (sd), causes irregular wing margins. Diagram the \(F_{1}\) and \(F_{2}\) results if (a) a scalloped female is crossed with a normal male; (b) a scalloped male is crossed with a normal female. Compare these results to those that would be obtained if the scalloped gene were autosomal.

In goats, development of the beard is due to a recessive gene. The following cross involving true-breeding goats was made and carried to the \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) generation: \(P_{1}:\) bearded female \(\times\) beardless male \(\mathrm{F}_{1}:\) all bearded males and beardless females \\[ \mathrm{P}_{1} \times \mathrm{F}_{1} \longrightarrow\left\\{\begin{array}{l} 1 / 8 \text { beardless males } \\ 3 / 8 \text { bearded males } \\ 3 / 8 \text { beardless females } \\ 1 / 8 \text { bearded females }\end{array}\right.\\] Offer an explanation for the inheritance and expression of this trait, diagramming the cross. Propose one or more crosses to test your hypothesis.

In cattle, coats may be solid white, solid black, or black-and-white spotted. When true-breeding solid whites are mated with truebreeding solid blacks, the \(\mathrm{F}_{1}\) generation consists of all solid white individuals. After many \(\mathrm{F}_{1} \times \mathrm{F}_{1}\) matings, the following ratio was observed in the \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) generation: \(12 / 16\) solid white \(3 / 16\) black-and-white spotted \(1 / 16\) solid black Explain the mode of inheritance governing coat color by determining how many gene pairs are involved and which genotypes yield which phenotypes. Is it possible to isolate a true-breeding strain of black-and-white spotted cattle? If so, what genotype would they have? If not, explain why not.

With regard to the ABO blood types in humans, determine the genotypes of the male parent and female parent: Male parent: blood type B whose mother was type O Female parent: blood type A whose father was type B Predict the blood types of the offspring that this couple may have and the expected ratio of each.
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