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Chapter 3: Problem 11

Distinguish between homozygosity and heterozygosity.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: The main differences between homozygosity and heterozygosity in genetics are: 1. Homozygosity involves inheriting two identical alleles of a given gene, while heterozygosity involves inheriting two different alleles of a given gene. 2. Homozygous individuals can be either dominant or recessive, whereas heterozygous individuals have one dominant and one recessive allele. 3. In a homozygous individual, the phenotype (physical appearance) is determined by the nature of the alleles (dominant or recessive), while in a heterozygous individual, the phenotype is determined by the dominant allele.

Step by step solution

01

Define Homozygosity

Homozygosity occurs when an individual inherits the same allele for a specific gene from both of their parents. In other words, homozygosity is when both homologous chromosomes carry the same allele of a given gene. These individuals are called homozygous for that particular gene, and the alleles can either be dominant or recessive.
02

Define Heterozygosity

Heterozygosity occurs when an individual inherits different alleles for a specific gene from each of their parents. These individuals are called heterozygous for that particular gene. Heterozygosity reflects the presence of two different alleles of a given gene on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
03

Examples

In order to better understand homozygosity and heterozygosity, consider the gene responsible for eye color. Using the simplified example where the gene has only two alleles, the dominant allele B (brown eyes) and the recessive allele b (blue eyes). A homozygous individual would have either two dominant alleles (BB) or two recessive alleles (bb). In the first case, the individual would have brown eyes, while in the second case, the individual would have blue eyes. A heterozygous individual would have one dominant allele and one recessive allele (Bb). In this case, since the dominant allele masks the effect of the recessive allele, the person would have brown eyes.
04

Differences between Homozygosity and Heterozygosity

1. Homozygosity involves two identical alleles of a given gene, while heterozygosity involves two different alleles of a given gene. 2. Homozygous individuals can be either dominant or recessive, whereas heterozygous individuals have one dominant and one recessive allele. 3. In a homozygous individual, the phenotype (physical appearance) is determined by the nature of the alleles (dominant or recessive), while in a heterozygous individual, the phenotype is determined by the dominant allele.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Alleles
Alleles are different forms of a gene that are found at the same place on a chromosome. Each individual has two alleles for a given gene, one inherited from each parent.

These alleles can influence traits such as eye color, hair color, or blood type. Although each person carries two alleles per gene, the combinations can vary greatly.

  • Homozygous: If the two alleles are the same (e.g., BB or bb), an individual is homozygous for that gene.
  • Heterozygous: If the two alleles are different (e.g., Bb), an individual is heterozygous for that gene.
Dominant and Recessive
Dominant and recessive alleles determine how certain traits are expressed in individuals.

  • **Dominant Allele**: This allele expresses its trait even if just one copy is present. It will mask the effect of a recessive allele if both are present.
  • **Recessive Allele**: This allele only expresses its trait when two copies are present, as it is masked by a dominant allele when paired together in a heterozygous individual.
In the context of eye color:
  • Two dominant alleles (BB) or one dominant and one recessive allele (Bb) would result in brown eyes, as the dominant allele dictates the trait.
  • Only two recessive alleles (bb) would result in a recessive trait expression, leading to blue eyes.
Phenotype
The phenotype is the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences. When discussing alleles, the phenotype usually refers to traits such as height, skin color, or eye color.

The phenotype is notably influenced by the combinations of alleles that an individual possesses:
  • **Homozygous Dominant (BB)**: Only the dominant trait is visible in phenotype.
  • **Homozygous Recessive (bb)**: Only the recessive trait is observable in phenotype.
  • **Heterozygous (Bb)**: The dominant trait is expressed in the phenotype due to the recessive trait being masked.
Phenotypes are the way traits manifest publicly, which is why they are a crucial component of understanding genetics.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Albinism in humans is inherited as a simple recessive trait. Determine the genotypes of the parents and offspring for the following families. When two alternative genotypes are possible, list both. (a) Two parents without albinism have five children, four without albinism and one with albinism. (b) A male without albinism and a female with albinism have six children, all without albinism.

To assess Mendel's law of segregation using tomatoes, a true- breeding tall variety (SS) is crossed with a true-breeding short variety \((s s) .\) The heterozygous tall plants \((S s)\) were crossed to produce the two sets of \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) data as follows: $$\begin{array}{cc} \text { Set I } & \text { Set II } \\ 30 \text { tall } & 300 \text { tall } \\ 5 \text { short } & 50 \text { short } \end{array}$$ (a) Using chi-square analysis, analyze the results for both datasets. Calculate \(\chi^{2}\) values, and estimate the \(p\) values in both cases. (b) From the analysis in part (a), what can you conclude about the importance of generating large datasets in experimental settings?

In a cross between a black and a white guinea pig, all members of the \(F_{1}\) generation are black. The \(F_{2}\) generation is made up of approximately \(3 / 4\) black and \(1 / 4\) white guinea pigs. Diagram this cross, and show the genotypes and phenotypes.

The basis for rejecting any null hypothesis is arbitrary. The researcher can set more or less stringent standards by deciding to raise or lower the critical \(p\) value. Would the use of a standard of \(p=0.10\) be more or less stringent in failing to reject the null hypothesis? Explain.

In Drosophila, gray body color is dominant over ebony body color, while long wings are dominant over vestigial wings. Work the following crosses through the \(F_{2}\) generation, and determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for each generation. Assume that the \(P_{1}\) individuals are homozygous: (a) gray, long \(\times\) ebony, vestigial, and (b) gray, vestigial \(\times\) ebony, long, and (c) gray, long \(\times\) gray, vestigial.
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