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Chapter 3: Problem 11

What is the basis for homology among chromosomes?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: The basis for homology among homologous chromosomes is their shared ancestry. They have the same size, shape, and gene locations due to being derived from the same ancestral chromosome. This contributes to genetic variation as homologous chromosomes carry different versions of genes called alleles, which can affect the traits expressed in an organism.

Step by step solution

01

Define Homologous Chromosomes

Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, that have the same size, shape, and gene locations (also called loci). These chromosomes carry the same type of information but can have different versions of the genes, called alleles.
02

Define Homology

Homology is the similarity between two structures, such as chromosomes, due to their shared ancestry. In this context, we are looking for the basis for homology among chromosomes, meaning the reasons why homologous chromosomes share similarities.
03

Explain the Basis for Homology among Chromosomes

The basis for homology among chromosomes lies in their shared ancestry, as mentioned in the definition of homology. During the process of evolution, organisms inherit genetic information from their ancestors, which is then passed down through generations in the form of chromosomes. As a result, homologous chromosomes carry similar genes in corresponding loci because they are derived from the same ancestral chromosome.
04

Discuss Genetic Variation within Homologous Chromosomes

While homologous chromosomes have a shared ancestry, they are not identical. They contain different versions of genes, called alleles, which can lead to genetic variation within a species. The presence of different alleles within homologous chromosomes can affect the traits expressed in an organism, such as eye color or blood type.
05

Summary

In summary, the basis for homology among chromosomes is their shared ancestry. Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes with the same size, shape, and gene locations that are derived from the same ancestral chromosome. Although these chromosomes carry the same type of information, they can have different versions of genes, which contribute to genetic variation within a species.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is an inborn error of metabolism that results in death, often by the age of \(2 .\) You are a genetic counselor interviewing a phenotypically normal couple who tell you the male had a female first cousin (on his father's side) who died from TSD and the female had a maternal uncle with TSD. There are no other known cases in either of the families, and none of the matings have been between related individuals. Assume that this trait is very rare. (a) Draw a pedigree of the families of this couple, showing the relevant individuals. (b) Calculate the probability that both the male and female are carriers for TSD. (c) What is the probability that neither of them is a carrier? (d) What is the probability that one of them is a carrier and the other is not? [Hint: The \(p\) values in (b), (c), and (d) should equal \(1 .]\)

Albinism, lack of pigmentation in humans, results from an autosomal recessive gene (a). Two parents with normal pigmentation have an albino child. (a) What is the probability that their next child will be albino? (b) What is the probability that their next child will be an albino girl? (c) What is the probability that their next three children will be albino?

Albinism in humans is inherited as a simple recessive trait. For the following families, determine the genotypes of the parents and offspring. (When two alternative genotypes are possible, list both.) (a) Two normal parents have five children, four normal and one albino. (b) A normal male and an albino female have six children, all normal. (c) A normal male and an albino female have six children, three normal and three albino. (d) Construct a pedigree of the families in (b) and (c). Assume that one of the normal children in (b) and one of the albino children in (c) become the parents of eight children. Add these children to the pedigree, predicting their phenotypes (normal or albino).

Thalassemia is an inherited anemic disorder in humans. Affected individuals exhibit either a minor anemia or a major anemia. Assuming that only a single gene pair and two alleles are involved in the inheritance of these conditions, is thalassemia a dominant or recessive disorder?

Galactosemia is a rare recessive disorder caused by the deficiency of galactose- 1 -phosphate uridylyltransferase, leading to the accumulation of toxic levels of galactitol in the blood. It leads to a \(75 \%\) mortality rate in infants as infants cannot metabolize galactose from breast milk. In many countries, newborns are given a heel prick test to measure the levels of metabolic enzymes. As a genetic counselor, how would you explain to a couple whose baby has tested positive for galactosemia where the disease has come from?
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