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Chapter 3: Problem 11

What is the basis for homology among chromosomes?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: The basis for homology among homologous chromosomes is their shared ancestry. They have the same size, shape, and gene locations due to being derived from the same ancestral chromosome. This contributes to genetic variation as homologous chromosomes carry different versions of genes called alleles, which can affect the traits expressed in an organism.

Step by step solution

01

Define Homologous Chromosomes

Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, that have the same size, shape, and gene locations (also called loci). These chromosomes carry the same type of information but can have different versions of the genes, called alleles.
02

Define Homology

Homology is the similarity between two structures, such as chromosomes, due to their shared ancestry. In this context, we are looking for the basis for homology among chromosomes, meaning the reasons why homologous chromosomes share similarities.
03

Explain the Basis for Homology among Chromosomes

The basis for homology among chromosomes lies in their shared ancestry, as mentioned in the definition of homology. During the process of evolution, organisms inherit genetic information from their ancestors, which is then passed down through generations in the form of chromosomes. As a result, homologous chromosomes carry similar genes in corresponding loci because they are derived from the same ancestral chromosome.
04

Discuss Genetic Variation within Homologous Chromosomes

While homologous chromosomes have a shared ancestry, they are not identical. They contain different versions of genes, called alleles, which can lead to genetic variation within a species. The presence of different alleles within homologous chromosomes can affect the traits expressed in an organism, such as eye color or blood type.
05

Summary

In summary, the basis for homology among chromosomes is their shared ancestry. Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes with the same size, shape, and gene locations that are derived from the same ancestral chromosome. Although these chromosomes carry the same type of information, they can have different versions of genes, which contribute to genetic variation within a species.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Thalassemia is an inherited anemic disorder in humans. Affected individuals exhibit either a minor anemia or a major anemia. Assuming that only a single gene pair and two alleles are involved in the inheritance of these conditions, is thalassemia a dominant or recessive disorder?

Two organisms, \(A A B B C C D D E E\) and aabbccddee, are mated to produce an \(\mathrm{F}_{1}\) that is self-fertilized. If the capital letters represent dominant, independently assorting alleles: (a) How many different genotypes will occur in the \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) ? (b) What proportion of the \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) genotypes will be recessive for all five loci? (c) Would you change your answers to (a) and/or (b) if the initial cross occurred between \(A A b b C C\)ddee\(\times\)aaBBccDDEE parents? (d) Would you change your answers to (a) and/or (b) if the initial cross occurred between \(A A B B C C D D E E \times\) aabbccddEE parents?

Albinism in humans is inherited as a simple recessive trait. For the following families, determine the genotypes of the parents and offspring. (When two alternative genotypes are possible, list both.) (a) Two normal parents have five children, four normal and one albino. (b) A normal male and an albino female have six children, all normal. (c) A normal male and an albino female have six children, three normal and three albino. (d) Construct a pedigree of the families in (b) and (c). Assume that one of the normal children in (b) and one of the albino children in (c) become the parents of eight children. Add these children to the pedigree, predicting their phenotypes (normal or albino).

An alternative to using the expanded binomial equation and Pascal's triangle in determining probabilities of phenotypes in a subsequent generation when the parents' genotypes are known is to use the following equation: \(\frac{n !}{s ! t !} a^{s} b^{t}\) where \(n\) is the total number of offspring, \(s\) is the number of offspring in one phenotypic category, \(t\) is the number of offspring in the other phenotypic category, \(a\) is the probability of occurrence of the first phenotype, and \(b\) is the probability of the second phenotype. Using this equation, determine the probability of a family of 5 offspring having exactly 2 children afflicted with sickle-cell anemia (an autosomal recessive disease \()\) when both parents are heterozygous for the sickle-cell allele.

A certain type of congenital deafness in humans is caused by a rare autosomal (not X-linked) dominant gene. (a) In a mating involving a deaf man and a deaf woman (both heterozygous), would you expect all the children to be deaf? Explain your answer. (b) In a mating involving a deaf man and a deaf woman (both heterozygous), could all the children have normal hearing? Explain your answer. (c) Another form of deafness is caused by a rare autosomal recessive gene. In a mating involving a deaf man and a deaf woman, could some of the children have normal hearing? Explain your answer.
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