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Chapter 2: Problem 5

If two chromosomes of a species are the same length and have similar centromere placements and yet are not homologous, what is different about them?

Short Answer

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Answer: Factors contributing to chromosomes being different despite having the same size and centromere placements include differences in gene arrangement, gene sequences, repetitive DNA elements, genetic recombination during meiosis, and evolutionary changes. These factors play a significant role in genetic variation and speciation.

Step by step solution

01

Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have the same length, centromere position, and gene arrangement, but with different alleles for each gene. They are inherited from each parent and lines up during cell division (meiosis) to exchange genetic information. #Step 2: Other factors that can make chromosomes different#

If two chromosomes have the same size and centromere placements but are not homologous, they may differ in some other factors, such as gene arrangement, gene sequences, or the presence of repetitive DNA elements. These differences can result in different gene expressions and functions, which make the chromosomes non-homologous. #Step 3: Genetic variation and recombination#
02

During meiosis and sexual reproduction, genetic recombination can occur, leading to the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. However, if two chromosomes are not homologous, recombination is less likely to occur, which might affect genetic variation in offspring and could be a reason behind their difference. #Step 4: Evolution and speciation#

Chromosomes can also evolve over time due to mutations, genetic drift, and natural selection, leading to new species with distinct genetic backgrounds. It is possible that the two chromosomes with the same length and centromere placement are not homologous because of evolutionary differences, which may have resulted in the divergence of the species. In conclusion, despite having the same size and centromere placements, chromosomes can still be distinct due to differences in gene arrangement, sequences, repetitive DNA elements, genetic recombination during meiosis, or result from evolutionary changes. These factors contribute to genetic variation and play a significant role in the speciation process.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

An interesting procedure has been applied for assessing the chromosomal balance of potential secondary oocytes for use in human in vitro fertilization. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Kuliev and Verlinsky (2004) were able to identify individual chromosomes in first polar bodies and thereby infer the chromosomal makeup of "sister" oocytes. Assume that when examining a first polar body you saw that it had one copy (dyad) of each chromosome but two dyads of chromosome \(21 .\) What would you expect to be the chromosomal 21 complement in the secondary oocyte? What consequences are likely in the resulting zygote, if the secondary oocyte was fertilized?

During meiosis I, assuming no crossing over, what chromatid combination(s) will be present at the completion of prophase? Draw all possible alignments of chromatids as migration begins during early anaphase.

Why might different cells of the same organism have cell cycles of different durations?

Discuss the concepts of homologous chromosomes, diploidy, and haploidy. What characteristics do two homologous chromosomes share?

Define and discuss these terms: (a) synapsis, (b) bivalents, (c) chiasmata, (d) crossing over, (e) chromomeres, (f) sister chromatids, (g) tetrads, (h) dyads, (i) monads.
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