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Chapter 18: Problem 9

Experiments have shown that any nuclei placed in the polar cytoplasm at the posterior pole of the Drosophila egg will differentiate into germ cells. If polar cytoplasm is transplanted into the anterior end of the egg just after fertilization, what will happen to nuclei that migrate into this cytoplasm at the anterior pole?

Short Answer

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Answer: If polar cytoplasm is transplanted into the anterior end of the Drosophila egg just after fertilization, nuclei migrating into this cytoplasm at the anterior pole would be expected to differentiate into germ cells, similar to the process that naturally occurs at the posterior pole.

Step by step solution

01

Background information

Drosophila is a fruit fly species widely used as a model organism for studying genetic processes and embryonic development. In the experiment, we know that nuclei placed in the polar cytoplasm at the posterior pole will differentiate into germ cells.
02

Transplanting polar cytoplasm

The exercise asks us to determine the outcome of transplanting polar cytoplasm (involved in germ cell formation) into the anterior end of the egg just after fertilization.
03

Predicting the effects

Since the polar cytoplasm from the posterior pole is responsible for the differentiation of germ cells, when it is transplanted to the anterior end, nuclei that migrate into this transplanted cytoplasm would likely differentiate into germ cells as well. This is because the environment and conditions provided by the polar cytoplasm in the anterior pole should still be suitable for germ cell formation, even if the location within the egg is different.
04

Conclusion

If polar cytoplasm is transplanted into the anterior end of the Drosophila egg just after fertilization, nuclei migrating into this cytoplasm at the anterior pole would be expected to differentiate into germ cells, similar to the process that naturally occurs at the posterior pole.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Much of what we know about gene interactions in development has been learned using nematodes, yeast, flies, and bacteria. This is due, in part, to the relative ease of genetic manipulation of these well-characterized genomes. However, of great interest are gene interactions involving complex diseases in humans. Wang and White (2011. Nature Methods 8(4) \(341-346\) ) describe work using RNAi to examine the interactive proteome in mammalian cells. They mention that knockdown inefficiencies and off-target effects of introduced RNAi species are areas that need particular improvement if the methodology is to be fruitful. (a) How might one use RNAi to study developmental pathways? (b) Comment on how "knockdown inefficiencies" and "off-tar-get effects" would influence the interpretation of results.

Nuclei from almost any source may be injected into Xenopus oocytes. Studies have shown that these nuclei remain active in transcription and translation. How can such an experimental system be useful in developmental genetic studies?

In Arabidopsis, flower development is controlled by sets of homeotic genes. How many classes of these genes are there, and what structures are formed by their individual and combined expression?

In this chapter, we have focused on large-scale as well as the inter- and intracellular events that take place during embryogenesis and the formation of adult structures. In particular, we discussed how the adult body plan is laid down by a cascade of gene expression, and the role of cell-cell communication in development. Based on your knowledge of these topics, answer several fundamental questions: (a) How do we know how many genes control development in an organism like Drosophila? (b) What experimental evidence demonstrates that molecular gradients in the egg control development? (c) How did we discover that selector genes specify which adult structures will be formed by body segments? (d) How did we learn about the levels of gene regulation involved in vulval development in \(C .\) elegans? (e) How do we know that eye formation in all animals is controlled by a binary switch gene?

How can you determine whether a particular gene is being transcribed in different cell types?
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