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Chapter 1: Problem 5

For which order of reaction is the rate dependent only on the enzyme concentration?: a. zero order b. first order c. second order d. mixed order e. none of the above

Short Answer

Expert verified
a. zero order

Step by step solution

01

Understand the question

The question asks for the order of reaction where the rate depends only on the enzyme concentration, not on the substrate concentration.
02

Define zero-order reaction

In a zero-order reaction, the rate of the reaction is independent of the concentration of the substrate. This means the rate is constant and depends only on enzyme concentration when the enzyme is saturated with the substrate.
03

Analyze other reaction orders

In first-order reactions, the rate depends linearly on the substrate concentration. In second-order reactions, the rate depends on the square of the substrate concentration. Mixed-order reactions show characteristics of more than one order.
04

Evaluate the options

For zero-order reactions, the enzyme concentration is the determining factor for the reaction rate. Therefore, the correct answer is zero-order.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

zero-order reaction
A zero-order reaction is a type of chemical reaction where the rate is independent of the concentration of the reactant. This is a unique scenario because, usually, the rate of a reaction varies with the amount of substrate present. However, in zero-order reactions, the enzyme involved is saturated with the substrate, meaning it has bound as much substrate as it can. Therefore, adding more substrate doesn't affect the reaction rate. Instead, the rate is determined solely by the concentration of the enzyme available. This simplification is often used in enzyme kinetics to make calculations easier and to predict the behavior of the reaction under different conditions.
reaction rate
The reaction rate is the speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds. It is generally measured as the change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time. In the context of enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate can vary depending on several factors such as temperature, pH, and concentrations of enzyme and substrate. When studying enzymatic reactions, scientists often look at how the rate changes with different enzyme and substrate concentrations to understand better how the reaction works. The relationship between the rate of reaction and the substrate concentration can tell us whether the reaction is zero-order, first-order, or second-order.
enzyme concentration
Enzyme concentration refers to the amount of enzyme present in a reaction mixture. The concentration of the enzyme can significantly impact the reaction rate, especially in zero-order reactions. In such cases, the enzyme is fully saturated with the substrate, meaning all the active sites on the enzyme molecules are occupied. Therefore, the rate depends only on how much enzyme is present. Increasing the enzyme concentration boosts the reaction rate until all substrate molecules are bound. Beyond this point, further increases in enzyme concentration don't affect the rate.
substrate concentration
Substrate concentration is the amount of substrate available for the enzyme to act upon in a reaction. It plays a crucial role in determining the reaction rate, particularly in first- and second-order reactions. In a first-order reaction, the rate increases linearly with substrate concentration until enzyme saturation is achieved. In a second-order reaction, the rate increases with the square of the substrate concentration. However, in zero-order reactions, the substrate concentration is high enough that the enzyme is saturated and the reaction rate is unaffected by further increases in substrate.

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