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Chapter 1: Problem 19

1. What is the dilution in tube #5? a. \(1: 16\) b. \(1: 32\) c. \(1: 64\) d. \(1: 128\) e. \(1: 256\) # In a four-fold serial dilution, the undiluted specimen is in tube #1. What is the dilution in tube #5? a. \(1: 16\) b. \(1: 32\) c. \(1: 64\) d. \(1: 128\) e. \(1: 256\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
e. \(\frac{1}{256}\)

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Problem

In a four-fold serial dilution, each subsequent tube contains a sample that is diluted to one-fourth the concentration of the previous tube. We need to find out the dilution factor in tube #5 starting from tube #1.
02

Identify the Dilution Factor for Each Step

In a four-fold dilution, each tube represents a dilution factor of 4 compared to the previous tube. For example, if tube #1 is undiluted (dilution factor 1), then tube #2 is 1/4, tube #3 is 1/16, and so on.
03

Calculate the Dilution in Tube #2

Since tube #1 is undiluted, the dilution in tube #2 is \(\frac{1}{4}\).
04

Calculate the Dilution in Tube #3

The dilution in tube #3 is \(\frac{1}{4} \times \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1}{16}\).
05

Calculate the Dilution in Tube #4

The dilution in tube #4 is \(\frac{1}{16} \times \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1}{64}\).
06

Calculate the Dilution in Tube #5

The dilution in tube #5 is \(\frac{1}{64} \times \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1}{256}\).
07

Select the Correct Answer

Given the choices a. \(\frac{1}{16}\), b. \(\frac{1}{32}\), c. \(\frac{1}{64}\), d. \(\frac{1}{128}\), and e. \(\frac{1}{256}\), the correct answer is option e \(\frac{1}{256}\).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

dilution factor
Dilution factor is a crucial concept in clinical chemistry. It defines how much a sample has been diluted. For instance, if you have a 1:4 dilution factor, this means that one part of the sample is mixed with three parts of the diluent making the total volume four parts. This factor becomes essential when calculating the concentration of a solution after serial dilution. Knowing the dilution factor helps you determine the exact concentration of the final solution from the original sample.
four-fold dilution
A four-fold dilution refers to repeatedly diluting a sample by a factor of 4. In a four-fold serial dilution, the concentration of the sample decreases to a quarter with each step. For example, if you start with an undiluted sample in tube #1, tube #2 will have a dilution factor of 1:4. Moving to tube #3, the dilution factor becomes 1:16 (1/4 of the previous tube). By tube #5, the sample will be diluted to 1/256.
clinical chemistry calculations
Clinical chemistry calculations often involve serial dilutions to determine the analyte concentration in various samples, like blood or urine. These calculations are essential for preparing reagents, even analyzing patient samples. When you perform a serial dilution, accurately calculate and keep track of each dilution step, as this helps ensure the repeatability and reliability of your results. Key concepts include identifying the initial concentration, understanding the dilution factor, and systematically applying the factor to subsequent tubes.
tube dilution series
A tube dilution series involves sequential dilutions, where each tube in the series contains a diluted version of the sample from the previous tube. By understanding the dilution factor and applying it consistently, you can predict the dilution of any tube in the series. For example, starting with an undiluted sample in tube #1, if each step uses a four-fold dilution factor, by tube #5, your dilution factor will be 1:256. Such series are handy in methods like titrations and microbial studies where precise concentration gradients are required.

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