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Chapter 43: Q43.3-1ITD. (page 971)

Plot the data in the above table as a line graph. Which column is the independent variable, and which is the dependent variable? Put the independent variable on the x-axis. (For additional information about graphs, see the Scientific Skills Review in Appendix F.)

Short Answer

Expert verified

The dependent variable is the number of parasites (in millions) per ml of blood, which is plotted on the y-axis in the graph. The number of days is the independent variable, which is plotted on the x-axis of the graph.

Step by step solution

01

About the experiment (PART A)

Researchers were interested in studying the immune system's responses to a changing pathogen that can maintain a low-level infection in a host for a long time as such pathogens are favored by natural selection.

During the first several weeks of a chronic condition, researchers counted the number of parasites in one human patient's blood in part A of the experiment.

02

Independent and dependent variables

In this experiment, the researcher manipulates the independent variable, which is expected to affect the dependent variable directly. An experiment's dependent variable is the variable that is being tested and measured, and it is dependent on the independent variable.

03

On the line graph

The number of days (up to 24 days) is displayed on the x-axis, which is an independent variable of time. The dependent variable is the number of parasites per milliliter of blood (in millions). In this study, the independent variable, which is time, determines its value. On the y-axis, the dependent variable is shown.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Consider a pencil-shaped protein with two epitopes, Y (the 鈥渆raser鈥� end) and Z (the 鈥減oint鈥� end). They are recognized by antibodies A1 and A2, respectively. Draw and label a picture showing the antibodies linking proteins into a complex that could trigger endocytosis by a macrophage.

Vaccination increases the number of

(A) different receptors that recognize a pathogen.

(B) lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen.

(C) epitopes that the immune system can recognize.

(D) MHC molecules that can present an antigen.

Which statement best describes the difference between responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and those of cytotoxic T cells?

(A) B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity.

(B) B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times.

(C) B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells.

(D) B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response.

Scientists can now also distinguish the abundance of trypanosomes recognized specifically by antibodies type A and type B. How would incorporating such information change your graph?

Note that these data were collected over the same period of infection (days 4鈥�24) as the parasite abundance data you graphed in part A. Therefore, you can incorporate these new data into your first graph, using the same x-axis. However, since the antibody level data are measured in a different way than the parasite abundance data, add a second set of y-axis labels on the right side of your graph. Then, using different colors or sets of symbols, add the data for the two antibody types. Labeling the y-axis two different ways enables you to compare how two dependent variables change relative to a shared independent variable.
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