91Ó°ÊÓ

The mathematical equation for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is-

\({p^2} + 2pq + {q^2} = 1\), where \({p^2}\) is the genotype frequency for the homozygous dominant character, \({q^2}\) is the genotype frequency for the homozygous recessive character, and \(2pq\) is the genotype frequency for heterozygous individuals.

And \(p + q = 1\) , where \(p\)is the frequency of the dominant allele, and\(q\)is the frequency of the recessive allele.

A Hardy-Weinberg population is large where random mating occurs and is devoid of natural selection, mutation, and migration influences. In short, the population is not undergoing evolution.

Expected genotype frequency for homozygous dominant genotype and homozygous recessive genotype are the squares of dominant allele frequency and recessive allele frequency, respectively.

For heterozygous dominant genotype, the expected genotype frequency is two times the frequency of dominant and recessive alleles. It provides a measure of the number of a particular genotype that is predicted after a cross.

From the observed frequencies from Day 7, it is given that:

Number of homozygous dominant or green seedlings (\({C^G}{C^G}\))= 49

Total number of seedlings= 216

The genotypic frequency of \({C^G}{C^G}\) (\({p^2}\)) is:

\({p^2} = \frac{{Number{\rm{ }}of{\rm{ }}homozygous{\rm{ }}dominant{\rm{ }}or{\rm{ }}green{\rm{ }}seedlings{\rm{ }}\left( {{C^G}{C^G}} \right)}}{{Total{\rm{ }}number{\rm{ }}of{\rm{ }}seedlings}}\)

The allele frequency for\({C^G}\)allele (\(p\)) is:

\(p = \sqrt {\frac{{Number{\rm{ }}of{\rm{ }}homozygous{\rm{ }}dominant{\rm{ }}or{\rm{ }}green{\rm{ }}seedlings{\rm{ }}\left( {{C^G}{C^G}} \right)}}{{Total{\rm{ }}number{\rm{ }}of{\rm{ }}seedlings}}} \)

\(\begin{aligned}{c}p &= \sqrt {\frac{{49}}{{216}}} \\ &= 0.476\\ \simeq 0.48\end{aligned}\)

The expected genotypic frequencyof \({C^G}{C^G}\) (\({p^2}\)) is:

\(\begin{aligned}{l}{p^2} &= 0.48 \times 0.48\\{p^2} &= 0.23\end{aligned}\)

From the observed frequencies from Day 7, it is given that:

Number of homozygous dominant or yellow seedlings (\({C^Y}{C^Y}\))= 56

Total number of seedlings= 216

The genotypic frequency of \({C^Y}{C^Y}\) (\({q^2}\)) is:

\({q^2} = \frac{{Number{\rm{ }}of{\rm{ }}homozygous{\rm{ }}recessive{\rm{ }}or{\rm{ }}yellow{\rm{ }}seedlings{\rm{ }}\left( {{C^Y}{C^Y}} \right)}}{{Total{\rm{ }}number{\rm{ }}of{\rm{ }}seedlings}}\)

The allele frequency for\({C^Y}\)allele (\(q\)) is:

\(q = \sqrt {\frac{{Number{\rm{ }}of{\rm{ }}homozygous{\rm{ }}recessive{\rm{ }}or{\rm{ }}yellow{\rm{ }}seedlings{\rm{ }}\left( {{C^Y}{C^Y}} \right)}}{{Total{\rm{ }}number{\rm{ }}of{\rm{ }}seedlings}}} \)

\(\begin{aligned}{c}q &= \sqrt {\frac{{56}}{{216}}} \\ &= 0.509\\ \simeq 0.51\end{aligned}\)

The expected genotypic frequencyof \({C^Y}{C^Y}\) (\({q^2}\)) is:

\(\begin{aligned}{l}{q^2} &= 0.51 \times 0.51\\{q^2} &= 0.26\end{aligned}\)

We have:

\(p = 0.48\)and\(q = 0.51\)

The expected frequency for\({C^G}{C^Y}\)(\(2pq\)) is:

\(\begin{aligned}{l}2pq &= 2 \times 0.48 \times 0.51\\2pq &= 0.489\\2pq &= 0.49\end{aligned}\)

\(2pq = 0.5\)

Thus, the expected frequencies of the genotypes such as\({C^G}{C^G}\),\({C^G}{C^Y}\), and\({C^Y}{C^Y}\)are 0.23, 0.50, and 0.26, respectively.