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Chapter 15: Q15-13TYU (page 313)

The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA. In a short essay (100-150 words), relate the structure and behavior of chromosomes to inheritance in both asexually and sexually reproducing species.

Short Answer

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All organisms have pair of homologous chromosomes which segregate and are transmitted to the daughter cells during mitosis and recombines during meiosis. This accounts for the inheritance of genetic material in sexual and asexual organisms.

Step by step solution

01

Chromosomes contain DNA

All the cells in the body have DNA which is present in the nucleus of the cell. DNA is packed into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Thus,chromosomes are condensed pieces of genetic material.

Chromosomes are made up of chromatin. Each chromatin fiber contains one DNA molecule. As DNA is transmitted to future generations in the form of chromosomes, they serve as the physical basis of heredity.

02

Cell division

Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis is the process where the cell duplicates its cellular content and genetic material. These cells then divide to produce two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis is called reductional division because it produces daughter cells (eggs and sperms) with half the chromosome number of the parent cell. The egg and sperms, when united to form a zygote during fertilization, they restore the original chromosome number.

Mitosis is considered the basic process for life where identical daughter cells are produced. On the other hand, meiosis ensures that offspring have the same amount of genetic material in all generations.Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis is the process where the cell duplicates its cellular content and genetic material. These cells then divide to produce two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis is called reductional division because it produces daughter cells (eggs and sperms) with half the chromosome number of the parent cell.The egg and sperms, when united to form a zygote during fertilization, they restore the original chromosome number.

Mitosis is considered the basic process for life where identical daughter cells are produced. On the other hand, meiosis ensures that offspring have the same amount of genetic material in all generations.

03

Inheritance of traits in a sexual and asexual organism

Asexual organisms reproduce during mitosis.Mitosis ensures the distribution of the exact amount of genetic material to daughter cells as parental chromosomes.However, both mitosis and meiosis occur in sexual organisms.

The crossing over of homologous chromosomes during meiosis results in variation. It also leads to the formation of gametes and ensures the correct amount of genetic material for the offspring.

Thus, the structure and behavior of chromosomes account for the inheritance of traits in sexually and asexually reproducing organisms.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The\({\chi ^2}\)value means nothing on its own- it is used to find the probability that, assuming the hypothesis is true, the observed data set could have resulted from random fluctuations. A low probability suggests that the observed data are consistent with the hypothesis, and thus the hypothesis should be rejected, A standard cutoff point used by biologists is a probability of 0.05(5%). If the probability corresponding to the\({\chi ^2}\)value is 0.05or considered statistically significant, the hypothesis (that the genes are unlinked) should be rejected. If the probability is above 0.05, the results are not statistically significant: the observed data are consistent with the hypothesis.

To find the probability, locate your\({\chi ^2}\)value in the\({\chi ^2}\)Distribution table in Appendix F. The 鈥渄egree of freedom鈥� (pdf) of your data set is the number of categories (here,4 phenotypes), minus 1, so df=3.

(a). Determines which values on the df =3 line of the table your calculated\({\chi ^2}\)value lies between.

(b). The column headings for these values show the probability range for your\({\chi ^2}\)number. Based on whether there is non-significant (p\( \le \)0.05) or significant (p>0.05) difference between the observed and expected values, are the data consistent with the hypothesis that the two genes are unlinked and assorting independently, or is there enough evidence to reject this hypothesis?

Crossing over is thought to be evolutionarily advantageous because it continually shuffles genetic alleles into novel combinations. Until recently, it was thought that the genes on the Y chromosome might degenerate because they lack homologous genes on the X chromosome with which to pair up prior to crossing over. However, when the Y chromosome was sequenced, eight large regions were found to be internally homologous to each other, and quite a few of the 78 genes represent duplicates. (Y chromosome researcher David Page has called it a "hall of mirrors.鈥�). Explain what might be a benefit of these regions.

A man with hemophilia (a recessive, sex-linked condition) has a daughter without the condition. She marries a man who does not have hemophilia. What is the probability that their daughter will have hemophilia? Their son? If they have four sons, what is the probability that all will be affected?

Propose a possible reason that the first naturally occurring mutant fruit fly Morgan saw involved a gene on a sex chromosome and was found a male.

A wild-type fruit fly (heterozygous for the gray body color and red eyes) is mated with a black fruit fly with purple eyes. The offspring are wild-type, 721; black purple, 751; gray purple, 49; black red, 45. What is the recombination frequency between these genes for the body color and eye color? Using information for problem 3, what fruit flies (genotypes and phenotypes) would you mate to determine the order of the body color, wing size, and eye color genes on the chromosome?
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