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Using the equation you developed, the data from the table, and a calculator, estimate the ages of seed 1, seed 2, and seed 3.

Seed Number

Fraction of Carbon-14 Remaining

Seed 1 (not planted)

0.7656

Seed 2 (not planted)

0.7752

Seed 3 (germinated)

0.7977

Short Answer

Expert verified

The ages of the three seeds calculated are as follows:

  • Seed 1: 2208 years old
  • Seed 2: 2105 years old
  • Seed 3: 1868 years old

Step by step solution

01

Equation for calculating age of a seed

The age of an ancient seed can be calculated by using the following formula:

\(t = - \frac{{\ln (F)}}{k}\)

Where F is the fraction of carbon-14 remaining, k is the rate constant.

02

Calculation of age of seed 1

The age of seed 1 is calculated by using the above equation.

Given, the fraction (F) of carbon remaining for seed 1 is 0.7656, and k is 0.00012097. Substituting the values in the equation:

\(\begin{aligned}{l}t = - \frac{{\ln (F)}}{k}\\t = - \frac{{\ln (0.7656)}}{{0.00012097}}\\t = - \frac{{( - 0.2670)}}{{0.00012097}}\\t = 2207.9\\t = 2208\end{aligned}\)

Thus, the age of seed 1, which is not planted, is 2208 years old.

03

Calculation of age of seed 2

Given, F for seed 2 is 0.7752 and k is 0.00012097.

The age of seed 2 is calculated as:

\(\begin{aligned}{l}t = - \frac{{\ln (F)}}{k}\\t = - \frac{{\ln (0.7752)}}{{0.00012097}}\\t = - \frac{{( - 0.2546)}}{{0.00012097}}\\t = 2104.9\\t = 2105\end{aligned}\)

Thus, the age of seed 2, which is not planted, is 2105 years old.

04

Calculation of age of seed 3

Given, F for seed 3 is 0.7977, and k is 0.00012097.

The age of seed 3 is calculated as:

\(\begin{aligned}{l}t = - \frac{{\ln (F)}}{k}\\t = - \frac{{\ln (0.7977)}}{{0.00012097}}\\t = - \frac{{( - 0.2260)}}{{0.00012097}}\\t = 1868.4\\t = 1868\end{aligned}\)

Thus, the age of germinated seed 3 is 1868 years old.

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DRAW IT Medical researchers seek to develop drugs that can kill or restrict the growth of human pathogens yet have few harmful effects on patients. These drugs often work by disrupting the metabolism of the pathogen or by targeting its structural features. Draw and label a phylogenetic tree that includes an ancestral prokaryote and the following groups of organisms: Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, Unikonta, and, within Unikonta, amoebozoans, animals, choanoflagellates, fungi, and nucleariids. Based on this tree, hypothesize whether it would be most difficult to develop drugs to combat human pathogens that are prokaryotes, protists, animals, or fungi. (You do not need to consider the evolution of drug resistance by the pathogen.)

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The equation F = e-kt describes the fraction F of an original isotope remaining after a period of t years; the exponent is negative because it refers to a decrease over time. The constant k provides a measure of how rapidly the original isotope decays. For the decay of carbon-14 to nitrogen-14, k = 0.00012097. To find t, rearrange the equation by following these steps: (a) Take the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation: ln(F ) = ln(e-kt). Rewrite the right side of this equation by applying the following rule: ln(ex) = x ln(e). (b) Since ln(e) = 1, simplify the equation. (c) Now solve for t and write the equation in the form 鈥t = ________.鈥

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