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The term vertebrate refers to those species of animals whose bodily structure is protected with the help of a backbone.

The anatomical structures of vertebrate animals include internal skeleton (bone and cartilage), axial skeleton (rib cage, skull, and vertebral column), notochord, pharyngeal slits, and appendicular skeleton (pelvic girdle, limb bones, and shoulders).

The primary functions of the vertebral column found in vertebrates are spinal cord protection and body stiffening.

The paired bean-shaped structure that acts as a natural excretory organ found under the ribcage of living beings is called the kidney.

Some of the functions of kidney are rennin synthesis, inorganic ions regulation, regulation of RBCs production, controlling water balance, activating vitamin D, controlling blood pressure, influencing blood ph, toxin removal, erythropoiesis, and maintenance of electrolyte balance.

The anatomy of kidneyincludes ureters, renal calyxes, and two distinct kidney zones like the inner medulla and outer cortex.

The fluid that contains excretory material, water, salt, and amino acids that are filtered from the blood with the help of the glomerulus constitutes the production of filtrate.

The Bowman’s capsule that surrounds the glomerulus helps in blood filtration from the renal artery (supply blood to the kidney).

The filtrate in the renal tubule gets reabsorbed for its recovery and then passes to the renal vein to return blood from the kidney to the heart. The remaining filtrate content will be passed to the kidney in the ureters allowing the urine flow.