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Chapter 14: Q14.4-2CC. (page 290)

Explain how the change of a single amino acid in hemoglobin leads to the aggregation of hemoglobin into long fibers. (Review Figures.5.14, 5.18 and 5.19)

Short Answer

Expert verified

The change of amino acids in hemoglobin to the aggregation of hemoglobin into long fibers is due to the non-polar condition of the particular amino acid. In this condition, the glutamine is substituted with valine which affects the functioning of the hemoglobin protein.

Step by step solution

01

Description of hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is the protein substance that contains an iron part. This substance is primarily responsible for carrying oxygen in it. The oxygen is transported to the cells, and carbon dioxide is collected from the different organs and passed to the lungs for exhalation.

02

Description of the protein structure of hemoglobin

There are four peptide chains present in the hemoglobin molecules that consist of more than 140 amino acids. There are two alpha chains and two beta chains present in the four branches of the hemoglobin chain.

03

Aggregation of hemoglobin

Glutamic acid is the sixth amino acid present in normal hemoglobin, has a negative charge in its side chain. Valine is the amino acid that is substituted in the place of glutamic acid.

Valine possesses non-polar amino acids in its side chain. It makes the hemoglobin protein get aggregated to form long fibers and destroys the normal functioning of the hemoglobin.

Hence, the substitution of valine instead of glutamic can result in the deterioration of the function of hemoglobin, causing a condition known as sickle cell anemia.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Hemochromatosis is an inherited disease caused by a recessive allele. If a woman and her husband, who are both carriers, have three children, what is the probability of each of the following?

(a) All three children are of normal phenotype.

(b) One or more of the three children have the disease.

(c) All three children have the disease.

(d) At least one child is phenotypically normal.

(Note: It will help to remember that the probabilities of all possible outcomes always add up to 1.)

In 1981, a stray black cat with unusual rounded, curled-black ears was adopted by a family in California. Hundreds of descendants of the cat have since been born, and cat fanciers hope to develop a true鈥揵reeding variety. How would you determine whether the curl allele is dominant or recessive? How would you obtain true-breeding curl cats? How could you be sure they are true-breeding?

You are handed a mystery pea plant with tall stems and axial flowers and asked to determine its genotype as quickly as possible. You know that the allele for tall stems (T) is dominant to that for dwarf stems (t) and that the allele for axial flowers (A) is dominant to that for terminal flowers (a).

(a) Identify all the possible genotypes for your mystery plant.

(b) Describe the one cross you would do, out in your garden, to determine the exact genotype of your mystery plant.

(c) While waiting for the results of your cross, you predict the results for each possible genotype listed in part a. Explain how you do this and why this is not called 鈥減erforming a cross.鈥�

(d) Explain how the results of your cross and your predictions will help you learn the genotype of your mystery plant.

A man has six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot. His wife and their daughter have the normal number of digits. Remember that extra digits are a dominant trait. What fraction of this couple's children would be expected to have extra digits?

What is the probability that each of the following pairs of parents will produce the indicated offspring? (Assume independent assortment of all gene pairs)

(a)AABBCC脳aabbcc鈫�AaBbCc

(b) AABbCc脳AaBbCc鈫�AAbbCC

(c)AaBbCc脳AaBbCc鈫�AaBbCc

(d) aaBbCC脳AABbcc鈫�AaBbCc
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