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Chapter 21: Q1ITD (page 440)

Describe three examples of errors in cellular processes that lead to DNA duplications

Short Answer

Expert verified

Errors that result in DNA duplications are unequal crossing over during prophase 1, slippage during DNA replication, and retrotransposition.

Step by step solution

01

Replication of DNA

DNA replication is the principal progression by which a double-stranded (ds) DNA molecule is replicated for creating two identical copies of the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules.

The making of numerous copies of DNA can be referred to as DNA amplification. The augmentation of DNA displays a significant function in cancer cells.

02

Gene duplication

The replication of DNA is described as a regular form of doubling DNA with the number of genes.The quantity of DNA or the number of genes can also increase within an organism via gene duplication.

Gene duplication is termed the central machinery through which the recently established genetic material is manufactured for molecular progression or evolution.

03

Errors in the cellular process that results in DNA duplication

Errors that result in DNA duplication occur in meiosis because of unequal crossing over during the period of prophase. Deletions and duplications arise due to slippage during the period of DNA replication.

Gene duplications can also result from aneuploidy, ectopic recombination, retrotransposition, polyploidy, and replication slippage.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The model of globin gene evolution shown in Figure 21.14 suggests that an ancestral gene is duplicated and mutated to become 伪- and 尾-globin genes, and then each one was further duplicated and mutated. What features of the data set to support the model?

The earlier that two genes arose from a duplicated gene, the more their nucleotide sequences can have diverged, which may result in amino acid differences in the protein products. (a) Based on that premise, identify which two genes are most divergent from each other. What is the percent amino acid identity between their polypeptides? (b) Using the same approach, identify which two globin genes are the most recently duplicated. What is the percent identity between them?

Below are the amino acid sequences (using the single-letter code; see Figure 5.14) of four short segments of the FOXP2 protein from six species: chimpanzee (C), orangutan (O), gorilla (G), rhesus macaque (R), mouse (M), and human (H). These segments contain all of the amino acid differences between the FOXP2 proteins of these species.

Use a highlighter to color any amino acid that varies among the species. (Color that amino acid in all sequences.)

  1. The C, G, R sequences are identical. Identify which lines correspond to those sequences.
  2. The H sequence differs from that of the C, G, R species at two amino acids. Underline the two differences in the H sequence.
  3. The O sequence differs from the C, G, R sequences at one amino acid (having V instead of A) and from the H sequence at three amino acids. Identify the O sequence.
  4. In the M sequence, circle the amino acid(s) that differ from the C, G, R sequences, and draw a square around those that differ from the H sequence.
  5. Primates and rodents diverged between 60 and 100 million years ago, and chimpanzees and humans about 6 million years ago. Compare the amino acid differences between the mouse and the C, G, R species with those between the human and the C, G, R species. What can you conclude?

Contrast the organizations of the rRNA gene family and the globin gene families. For each, explain how the existence of a family of genes benefits the organism.

Bioinformatics includes all of the following except

(A) using computer programs to align DNA sequences.

(B) using DNA technology to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube.

(C) developing computer-based tools for genome analysis.

(D) using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems.
See all solutions

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