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The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by

(A) dimerization and phosphorylation.

(B) dimerization and IP3 binding.

(C) a phosphorylation cascade.

(D) GTP hydrolysis.

Short Answer

Expert verified

(A) The option 鈥渄imerization and phosphorylation鈥 is true.

(B) The option 鈥渄imerization and IP3 binding鈥 is false.

(C) The option 鈥渁 phosphorylation cascade鈥 is false.

(D)The option 鈥淕TP hydrolysis鈥 is false.

Step by step solution

01

Step 1: Receptor tyrosine kinases:

Receptor tyrosine kinases are extra-membrane receptors that work as protein kinases. They are enzymes that can phosphorylate other proteins by transferring the phosphate group from the ATP. The cytoplasmic side domain of these receptors can phosphorylate the tyrosine of the substrate protein.

02

Explanation of option ‘(A)’

Receptor tyrosine kinase exists as monomers before binding with a ligand with an extracellular ligand-binding site and an intracellular tail containing many tyrosine amino acids.

When a ligand binds with the receptor, then two receptor monomers make dimer by the dimerization process. It activates the tyrosine kinase, and it phosphorylates the tyrosine present in the tail of the monomer.

Thus,activation of receptor tyrosine kinase involves dimerization and phosphorylation.

Therefore, the given option is true.

03

Explanation of option ‘(B)’

Activation of receptor tyrosine kinase makes the dimer of monomers that were present before activation. IP3 binding occurs due to receptor binding with G-protein that activates phospholipase C. It breaks the membrane phospholipids and yields IP3 that bind with the IP3 gated calcium channel in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Thus,IP3 binding does not involve the receptor tyrosine kinases.

Therefore, the given option is false.

04

Explanation of option ‘(C)’

In a phosphorylation cascade, many cytoplasmic protein kinases act on different proteins, unlike receptor tyrosine kinase. These protein kinases mainly phosphorylate the amino acids serine and threonine, which is tyrosine in the case of receptor tyrosine kinase.

Thus,receptor tyrosine kinase does not involve a phosphorylation cascade.

Therefore, the given statement is false.

05

Explanation of option ‘(D)’

GTP hydrolysis occurs when the ligand binds with the extracellular site of the G-protein coupled receptor that changes conformation and binds with an inactive G-protein that hydrolyses the GTP to activate the G-protein.

Thus, GTP hydrolysis occurs for activation of the G-protein when a ligand binds with the G-protein coupled receptor.

Therefore, the given statement is false.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of the following except

  1. activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.
  2. activation of protein kinase molecules.
  3. activation of G-protein coupled receptors.

regulation of transcription by signaling molecules

Identify the evolutionary mechanisms that might account for the origin and persistence of cell-to-cell signaling systems in prokaryotes.

If apoptosis occurred when it should not, what types of protein defects might be the cause? What types could result in apoptosis not occurring when it should?

Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of substances on opposite sides of the membrane?

(A) intracellular receptor

(B) G protein-coupled receptor

(C) phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase dimer

(D) ligand-gated ion channel

There are five basic tastes- sour, salty, sweet, bitter and "umami". Salt is detected when the concentration of salt out-side of a taste bud cell is higher than that inside of it, and ion channels allow the passive leakage of Na+ into the cell. The resulting change in membrane potential (see Concept 7.4) sends the "salty" signal to the brain. Umami is a savory taste generated by glutamate (glutamic acid, found in monosodium glutamate or MSG), which is used as a flavor enhancer in foods such as taco-flavored tortilla chips. The glutamate receptors is a GPCR, which, when bound, initiates a signaling pathway that ends with a cellular response, perceived by you as "taste." If you eat a regular potato chip and then rinse your mouth, you will no longer taste salt. But if you eat a flavoured tortilla chip and then rinse, the taste persist. (try it!) Propose a possible explanation.

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