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Chapter 11: Q1CC (page 212)

Give an example of apoptosis during embryonic development, and explain its function in the developing embryo.

Short Answer

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The example of apoptosis during embryonic development is observed in the interdigital regions of hands and feet. In this case, cells in these regions are eliminated due to apoptosis. This process is important for the formation of proper digits as it eliminates the extra cells.

Step by step solution

01

Apoptosis

In the human body or any other animal body, cells that are infected or damaged or have reached the end of their life undergo the process of programmed cell death. The scientific term used for this process is called apoptosis.

Apoptosis, in layman's terms, can be described as cell suicide. In this process, cellular reagents fragment the DNA and other organelles present in the cells; due to this, cells get shrunk and become lobed, which is further engulfed by the scavenger cells.

02

Embryonic development

Embryogenesis or embryo development is the term used to define the process in which the embryo is formed from the zygote stage after fertilization. It involves several cleavage and divisions of a cell.

The process is very complex and requires various cell signaling pathways to act. In humans, the process takes around 270 days. The majority of the organ system is formed by the seventh month of the pregnancy, and a complete fetus is born around the 9th month of gestation.

03

Apoptosis in the embryonic stage

In mammals, including humans and even in some birds, the embryonic region that forms the hands and feet is solid in starting or initial stages.

With time, the process of apoptosis eliminates several cells that are present in the interdigital regions to form digits; this process starts at the margin and reaches the middle, and eliminates the region.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

There are five basic tastes- sour, salty, sweet, bitter and "umami". Salt is detected when the concentration of salt out-side of a taste bud cell is higher than that inside of it, and ion channels allow the passive leakage of Na+ into the cell. The resulting change in membrane potential (see Concept 7.4) sends the "salty" signal to the brain. Umami is a savory taste generated by glutamate (glutamic acid, found in monosodium glutamate or MSG), which is used as a flavor enhancer in foods such as taco-flavored tortilla chips. The glutamate receptors is a GPCR, which, when bound, initiates a signaling pathway that ends with a cellular response, perceived by you as "taste." If you eat a regular potato chip and then rinse your mouth, you will no longer taste salt. But if you eat a flavoured tortilla chip and then rinse, the taste persist. (try it!) Propose a possible explanation.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a water-soluble signaling molecule. Would you expect the receptor for NGF to be intracellular or in the plasma membrane? Why?

Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of the following except

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regulation of transcription by signaling molecules

Draw the following apoptotic pathway, which operates in human immune cells. A death signal is received when a molecule called Fas binds its cell surface receptor. The binding of many Fas molecules to receptors causes receptor clustering. The intracellular regions of the receptors, when together, bind proteins called adaptor proteins. These, in turn, bind to inactive molecules of caspase-8, which become activated and activate caspase-3. Once activates, caspase-3 initiates apoptosis.

Some human diseases are associated with malfunctioning protein phosphatases. How would such proteins affect signaling pathways? (Review the discussion of protein phosphatases in Concept 11.3, and see Figure 11.10.)
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