91Ó°ÊÓ

Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? $$ \begin{array}{ll}{\text { (A) ascospores }} & {\text { (C) zygosporangia }} \\\ {\text { (B) basidiospores }} & {\text { (D) conidiophores }}\end{array} $$

The most important adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is $$ \begin{array}{l}{\text { (A) the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms. }} \\ {\text { (B) the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats. }} \\ {\text { (C) the increased chance of contact between mating types. }} \\ {\text { (D) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth }} \\ {\text { and absorptive nutrition. }}\end{array} $$

EVOLUTION CONNECTION The fungus-alga symbiosis that makes up a lichen is thought to have evolved multiple times independently in different fungal groups. However, lichens fall into three well-defined growth forms. However, lichens How could you test the following hypotheses? Hypothesis \(1 :\) Crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens each represent a monophyletic group. Hypothesis \(2 :\) Each lichen growth form represents convergent evolution by taxonomically diverse fungi.

WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION As you read in this chapter, fungi have long formed symbiotic associations with plants and with algae. In a short essay (100-150 words), describe how these two types of associations may lead to emergent properties in biological communities.