Problem 15 Match the terms appropriately. ... [FREE SOLUTION]

Chapter 8: Problem 15

Match the terms appropriately. ____ bacteriophage _ clone _ nucleotide _ diploid _ DNA ligase _ DNA polymerase _ autosome ___ mutation a. nitrogen-containing base, sugar, phosphate group(s) b. copy of an organism c. does not determine sex d. injects DNA e. seals breaks in a DNA strand f. can cause cancer g. two chromosomes of each type h. adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand

Short Answer

Expert verified

bacteriophage: d, clone: b, nucleotide: a, diploid: g, DNA ligase: e, DNA polymerase: h, autosome: c, mutation: f.

Step by step solution

Match bacteriophage

A bacteriophage is a type of virus that infects bacteria by injecting its DNA into the bacterial cell. Therefore, it corresponds to option \( d \), which states: "injects DNA."

Match clone

A clone is a genetically identical copy of an organism. This matches with option \( b \), "copy of an organism."

Match nucleotide

A nucleotide is the building block of nucleic acids (like DNA and RNA) and consists of a nitrogen-containing base, a sugar, and phosphate group(s). Hence, it corresponds to option \( a \).

Match diploid

A diploid cell contains two sets of chromosomes, or two chromosomes of each type, which matches option \( g \).

Match DNA ligase

DNA ligase is an enzyme that repairs irregularities or breaks in the backbone of the double-stranded DNA molecules. It is responsible for sealing breaks, aligning with option \( e \).

Match DNA polymerase

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand, which corresponds to option \( h \).

Match autosome

Autosomes are any chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes, thereby not determining sex. This matches with option \( c \).

Match mutation

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can lead to various effects, including cancer, which matches option \( f \).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Bacteriophage

A bacteriophage, often simply called a phage, is a type of virus that specifically infects bacteria. Unlike bacteria, which can thrive on their own, phages need a host to reproduce. This host is typically a bacterial cell.

Upon contact, the bacteriophage injects its DNA into the bacterial cell.
The phage DNA hijacks the bacterial machinery to produce new phages.
Eventually, the bacterial cell bursts, releasing new phage particles to start the cycle anew.

The ability of bacteriophages to target and kill specific bacteria makes them a promising tool in combatting antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.

Nucleotide

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. Each nucleotide consists of three components:

A nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine in DNA).
A sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA); ribose in RNA.
One or more phosphate groups.

Together, nucleotides form the long chains of DNA, storing genetic information and facilitating the replication and transcription processes necessary for protein synthesis.

DNA Ligase

DNA ligase is a crucial enzyme in the DNA replication and repair processes. Its primary function is to ensure the continuity of the DNA molecule.

It acts like a biological glue, sealing any breaks in the DNA backbone.
During DNA replication, DNA ligase closes the gaps between the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.
It also plays a role in DNA repair, maintaining the integrity of the genetic code.

Without DNA ligase, cells would struggle to maintain stable and accurate genetic information.

DNA Polymerase

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that plays a pivotal role in copying DNA. It adds complementary nucleotides to a single-stranded template, creating a new strand during replication.

DNA polymerase requires a primer to start synthesis.
It has proofreading abilities to minimize errors.
There are several types, each with specific roles related to DNA replication and repair.

Without DNA polymerase, the replication of the genetic information necessary for cell division would be impossible.

Mutation

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can have various effects on an organism's phenotype. Mutations can occur naturally or be induced by external factors.

Mutations might lead to genetic disorders or increase the risk of diseases like cancer.
They can also drive evolution, providing the genetic diversity necessary for natural selection.
Not all mutations are harmful; some are neutral or even beneficial.

Understanding mutations is crucial in fields like genetics, medicine, and evolutionary biology.

Autosome

Autosomes are chromosomes that do not play a direct role in determining the sex of an individual. In humans, there are 22 pairs of autosomes.

They contain genes that govern many traits and biological functions.
Autosomal genes contribute to physical characteristics and possibly complex behaviors.
Autosomal disorders can occur when there are mutations or abnormalities in the genes located on these chromosomes.

The study of autosomes is important for understanding non-sex-linked genetic diseases and inheritance patterns.

Diploid

In biology, diploid refers to a cell or organism that has two complete sets of chromosomes. Humans are diploid organisms.

Most human cells are diploid, with 46 chromosomes in total (23 pairs).
The two sets consist of one chromosome from each parent.
The diploid state is crucial for sexual reproduction, ensuring genetic diversity.

Diploid cells contrast with haploid cells, which have only one set of chromosomes, like sperm and egg cells.

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