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Homologous structures among major groups of organisms may differ in ___________. a. size b. shape c. function d. all of the above

Through ___________ , a body part of an ancestor is modified differently in different lines of descent. a. morphological converg b. morphological divergence c. analogous structures d. homologous structures

Some mutations are neutral because they do not affect __________. a. amino acid sequence b. nucleotide sequence c. the chances of survival d. all of the above

By altering steps in the program by which embryos develop, a mutation in a _________ may lead to major differences between adults of related lineages. a. derived character b. homeotic gene c. homologous structure d. all of the above

Mitochondrial DNA may be used in cladistic comparisons of __________. a. different species b. individuals of the same species c. different taxa d. a and b e. all of the above

Molecular clocks are based on comparisons of the number of _________ mutations between species.

Cladistics is based on ___________. a. reconstructing phylogeny b. parsimony analysis of many clades c. character differences between species d. all of the above

In evolutionary trees, each branch point represents a(n) ___________. a. single lineage b. extinction c. divergence d. adaptive radiation

In cladograms, sister groups are ___________. a. inbred b. the same age c. represented by nodes d. members of the same family

Match the terms with the most suitable description. $$\begin{array}{cc}\text{__________ phylogeny } && \text {a. sets within sets}\end{array}$$ $$\begin{array}{cc}\text{__________ cladogram } && \text {b. evolutionary history}\end{array}$$ $$\begin{array}{cc}\text{__________ homeotic genes } && \text {c. human arm and bird wing}\end{array}$$ $$\begin{array}{cc}\text{__________ homologous structures} && \text {d. similar across diverse taxa}\end{array}$$ $$\begin{array}{cc}\text{__________ molecular clock } && \text {e. neutral mutation measure }\end{array}$$ $$\begin{array}{cc}\text{__________ analogous structures } && \text {f. insect wing and bird wing}\end{array}$$