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Chapter 44: Problem 5
The structures at which one third of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) in the atmosphere moves into the blood of humans are: a. alveoli. b. bronchi. c. bronchioles. d. tracheae. e. pharynges.
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At the end of a basketball game, the opposing teams line up and file past each other and shake hands. This efficient exposure of the teams to each other is analogous to: a. countercurrent exchange of gases in fish gills and bird lungs. b. diffusion of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) from blood to cells in shark tissues. c. diffusion of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) from cells to blood in crabs. d. utilization of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) in cells in insects. e. excretion of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) from mammalian cells.
Which of the following describes a respiratory medium? In the liver the rate of diffusion is high. b. In the brain \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) moves from the neurons to the blood. c. In the big toe \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) moves from blood to tissues. d. Epithelial cells form thin surfaces in the lungs. e. A running brook provides \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) to fish.
Tracheal systems are characterized by: a. closed circulatory tubes that move gases. b. spiracles that move gases between cells and body fluids. c. body movements that compress and expand air sacs to pump air. d. positive pressure breathing, which swallows air into the body. e. negative pressure breathing, which lowers air pressure at the respiratory surfaces.
The majority of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) in the blood: a. is in the form of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions b. dissociates to add \(\mathrm{H}^{+}\) to the blood to raise its \(\mathrm{pH}\) to 7.4 c. has a lower \(\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{CO}_{2}}\), than the \(\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{CO}_{2}}\) in the alveolar air. d. increases in the lung capillaries, which have a higher \(\mathrm{pH}\) than the tissue capillaries.
The hemoglobin \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) dissociation curve: a. reflects about \(50 \%\) saturation of hemoglobin in the alveoli. b. shifts to the left when \(\mathrm{pH}\) rises. c. demonstrates that hemoglobin holds less \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) when the \(\mathrm{pH}\) is higher. d. proves lack of dependence on \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) levels. e. explains how hemoglobin can bind \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) at high \(\mathrm{pH}\) in the lungs and release it at lower \(\mathrm{pH}\) in the tissues.
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