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Chapter 6: Problem 3

List the order of events in programmed senescence, occurring at the cellular level.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The order of events in programmed senescence includes: initiation of senescence, establishment of senescence, maintenance of senescence, cell death or survival, and finally clearance of senescent cells by the immune system.

Step by step solution

01

Initiation of Senescence

The initiation of senescence is usually triggered by a number of factors such as DNA damage, telomere shortening, oxidative stress or oncogene activation.
02

Establishment of Senescence

During this phase, cells undergo a number of changes including enlarging, flatting and increasing their granularity. They also express markers of senescence such as the senescence-associated \(\beta\)-galactosidase activity (SA-\(\beta\) gal), chromatin rearrangement and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines sees a dramatic increase.
03

Maintenance of Senescence

Maintenance of the senescent state is regulated by two tumor suppressors p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb). If these genes are lesioned, the cell can escape from senescence.
04

Cell Death or Survival

If the damage is irreparable, the cell would either die due to autophagy or apoptosis. In some cases, the senescent cell could survive, but become functionally different.
05

Clearance of Senescent Cells

Finally, the immune system identifies and clears senescent cells. If the immune system fails to clear these cells, they can contribute to aging and the development of age-related diseases.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Programmed leaf senescence results in a decrease in sucrose concentration in phloem. Does this observation reflect a decrease in the synthesis of intracellular glucose and fructose because of the decline in photosynthesis? Explain.

Explain how the lack of phototropism in an adult plant contributes to the initiation of leaf senescence.

Briefly describe the cellular differences between programmed plant senescence and stochastic plant senescence.

Explain why plant senescence is regarded as the final stage of plant development.

Describe why the plant cell uses more energy during programmed senescence than during non-senescent, normal cellular function.
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