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Chapter 9: Problem 12

How does NF-?B induce gene expression? a. A small, hydrophobic ligand binds to NF-?B, activating it. b. NF-?B is phosphorylated and is then free to enter the nucleus to bind DNA. c. NF-?B is a kinase that phosphorylates a transcription factor that binds DNA and promotes protein production. d. Phosphorylation of the inhibitor I?B dissociates the complex between it and NF-?B, allowing NF-?B to enter the nucleus and stimulate transcription.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Option D is correct. Phosphorylation of I魏B dissociates it from NF-魏B, allowing NF-魏B to enter the nucleus and stimulate transcription.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding NF-魏B

NF-魏B (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that functions as a transcription factor, playing a key role in regulating the immune response to infection.
02

Examine Option A

Option A states that a small, hydrophobic ligand binds to NF-魏B, activating it. NF-魏B activation typically involves phosphorylation and the dissociation of inhibitor proteins, not direct binding by hydrophobic ligands.
03

Examine Option B

Option B suggests that NF-魏B is phosphorylated and then enters the nucleus to bind DNA. While phosphorylation is involved in NF-魏B activation, simply being phosphorylated alone is not the complete pathway for NF-魏B to induce gene expression.
04

Examine Option C

Option C claims NF-魏B is a kinase that phosphorylates a transcription factor. This is incorrect because NF-魏B itself is not a kinase; it is a transcription factor that binds DNA directly after being activated.
05

Examine Option D

Option D explains that the phosphorylation of the inhibitor I魏B leads to the dissociation of I魏B from NF-魏B, allowing NF-魏B to enter the nucleus and stimulate transcription. This is accurate; phosphorylation of I魏B leads to its degradation, freeing NF-魏B to move into the nucleus and bind DNA to induce gene expression.
06

Conclusion: Identify the Correct Option

Option D is the correct answer because it accurately describes the process by which NF-魏B is activated and translocates to the nucleus to induce gene expression.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

NF-魏B activation
NF-魏B activation is a crucial process in the regulation of the immune response. NF-魏B stands for nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. It is a protein complex that acts as a transcription factor, meaning it helps control the expression of certain genes. When NF-魏B is inactive, it is bound to an inhibitor called I魏B. To become active, NF-魏B must be freed from this inhibitor.
phosphorylation
Phosphorylation is a biochemical process that involves the addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other organic molecule. In the context of NF-魏B activation, phosphorylation plays a pivotal role. The inhibitor I魏B is phosphorylated by specific kinases. This phosphorylation marks I魏B for degradation, which in turn, releases NF-魏B. Once freed, NF-魏B can then move into the nucleus of the cell.
transcription factor
As a transcription factor, NF-魏B binds to specific DNA sequences in the nucleus to control the transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA. Transcription factors are essential for turning genes on or off and regulating the production of proteins. In the case of NF-魏B, it binds to regions of DNA known as 魏B sites to promote the transcription of genes involved in inflammation, immune response, and cell survival.
I魏B inhibitor
The I魏B inhibitor is a regulatory protein that binds to NF-魏B, keeping it inactive in the cytoplasm. When cells receive signals such as stress, cytokines, or bacterial or viral antigens, I魏B is phosphorylated. This phosphorylation leads to the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of I魏B. Without I魏B, NF-魏B is no longer sequestered in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus to perform its function as a transcription factor.
gene regulation
Gene regulation refers to the process of turning genes on and off, ensuring that the correct genes are expressed at the right times. NF-魏B plays a significant role in gene regulation related to immune response and inflammation. Once in the nucleus, NF-魏B binds to specific DNA sequences to activate or repress target genes. These genes can code for proteins that help fight infections, respond to stress, or regulate cell growth and survival. Thus, NF-魏B is vital in controlling the body's response to various stimuli and maintaining cellular homeostasis.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain that causes long-term responses in neurons and binds to a G-proteinlinked receptor. Which of the following chemicals would you expect to increase in concentration after dopamine binds its receptor? a. ATP b. cAMP c. calcium ions d. sodium ions

The secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland is an example of which type of signaling? a. autocrine signaling b. direct signaling across gap junctions c. endocrine signaling d. paracrine signaling

When is quorum sensing triggered to begin? a. a sufficient number of bacteria are present b. bacteria release growth hormones c. bacterial protein expression is switched on d. treatment with antibiotics occurs

How does the extracellular matrix control the growth of cells? a. Contact of receptors with the extracellular matrix maintains equilibrium of the cell and provides optimal pH for the growth of the cells. b. Contact of the receptor with the extracellular matrix helps maintain concentration gradients across membrane, resulting in the flow of ions. c. The extracellular matrix provides nutrients for the cell. d. The extracellular matrix connects the cell to the external environment and ensures correct positioning of the cell to prevent metastasis.

Why are endocrine signals transmitted more slowly than paracrine signals? a. The ligands are transported through the bloodstream and travel greater distances. b. The target and signaling cells are close together. c. The ligands are degraded rapidly. d. The ligands do not bind to carrier proteins during transport.
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