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Chapter 7: Problem 5

During the second half of glycolysis, what occurs? a. ATP is used up. b. Fructose is split in two. C. ATP is produced. d. Glucose becomes fructose.

Short Answer

Expert verified
c. ATP is produced.

Step by step solution

01

Understand Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate, yielding energy in the form of ATP. It consists of two phases: an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase.
02

Identify the Phases of Glycolysis

The first phase (energy investment) consumes ATP to phosphorylate glucose to produce intermediates. The second phase (energy payoff) generates ATP and produces pyruvate.
03

Focus on the Second Half of Glycolysis

In the second half of glycolysis, also known as the energy payoff phase, ATP is generated. This phase includes steps where 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate donate phosphate groups to ADP, forming ATP.
04

Evaluate Given Options

Given the options: (a) ATP is used up, (b) Fructose is split in two, (c) ATP is produced, and (d) Glucose becomes fructose, option (c) accurately describes what occurs during the second half of glycolysis.
05

Conclusion

During the second half of glycolysis, ATP is produced as a part of the energy payoff phase.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

energy investment phase
The energy investment phase of glycolysis is the first stage where the cell uses ATP to start the process of breaking down glucose.
This phase includes several steps:
  • First, glucose, a six-carbon sugar, is phosphorylated by ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate.
  • Then, glucose-6-phosphate is rearranged to form fructose-6-phosphate.
  • Another ATP molecule is used to add a phosphate group to fructose-6-phosphate, producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
These steps consume 2 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose, making them essential for driving the reaction forward.
Without this energy input, glucose would not be able to proceed through glycolysis.
energy payoff phase
The energy payoff phase is the second stage of glycolysis where the cell harvests energy from glucose breakdown.
This phase includes several critical reactions:
  • First, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split into two three-carbon molecules: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
  • Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then converted into another molecule of G3P, so there are now two G3P molecules.
  • These G3P molecules undergo a series of reactions that produce ATP and NADH.
The important aspect of this phase is that it generates 4 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules per molecule of glucose.
This results in a net gain of 2 ATP molecules after accounting for the ATP consumed in the energy investment phase.
ATP production
ATP production in glycolysis is crucial for cellular functions.
It occurs in the energy payoff phase through substrate-level phosphorylation.
This means phosphate groups are transferred directly to ADP to become ATP.
Key steps include:
  • 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate donates a phosphate group to ADP, forming 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP.
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) donates its phosphate group to ADP to form pyruvate and ATP.
Overall, each glucose molecule yields 4 ATP molecules in the payoff phase, producing a net gain of 2 ATP molecules after considering the 2 ATPs used in the investment phase.
The production of ATP ensures that cells have the necessary energy to perform various functions.
pyruvate formation
Pyruvate formation is the final step of glycolysis.
This process is crucial as pyruvate is a key intermediate in various metabolic pathways.
During the energy payoff phase, after the production of ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate is converted into pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate kinase.
This step is significant because:
  • It concludes glycolysis, producing two molecules of pyruvate per glucose molecule.
  • Pyruvate can then enter the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) in the presence of oxygen for further energy production.
  • Alternatively, in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate can undergo fermentation to produce lactate or ethanol.
Thus, pyruvate formation not only completes glycolysis but also sets the stage for subsequent metabolic processes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Combustion of carbohydrates, like in a fireplace, is a reduction-oxidation reaction in which the carbon atom is oxidized and the oxygen atom is reduced, producing water and carbon dioxide. Oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis are also reduction-oxidation reactions that produce the same products. Explain the differences and similarities among these abiotic and biotic processes in terms of the changes in entropy and heat that contribute to the free energy extracted from chemical bonds, the spontaneity of each, and the role of catalysis.

Which molecules are produced in glycolysis and used in fermentation? a. acetyl-CoA and NADH b. lactate, ATP, and \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) c. glucose, ATP, and \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) d. pyruvate and \(\mathrm{NADH}\)

What is beta-oxidation? a. the main process used to break down glucose b. the main process used to assemble glucose c. the main process used to break down fatty acids d. the main process used to break down fatty acids from amino acids

Which of the following molecules are oxidizing agents? a. \(\mathrm{FAD}^{+}\) and \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) b. \(\mathrm{FADH}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{NADH}\) c. FAD and \(\mathrm{FADH}_{2}\) d. \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) and \(\mathrm{NADH}\)

How do the roles of ubiquinone and cytochrome c differ from the other components of the electron transport chain? a. CoQ and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers while NADH dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase are bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane. b. CoQ and cytochrome covalently bind electrons while NADH dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase are bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane. c. CoQ and cytochrome c are bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane while NADH dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase are mobile electron carriers. d. CoQ and cytochrome c covalently bind electrons while NADH dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase are mobile electron carriers.
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