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Chapter 36: Problem 54

Give examples of how two different populations of organisms might have the same population density, but different dispersal patterns. a. Two populations could occupy the same range with the same number of individuals, giving different dispersal patterns. However, both the populations may be dispersed randomly throughout the range, giving identical population densities. b. Two populations could occupy the different range with the different number of individuals, giving different dispersal patterns. However, both the populations may move over this range in a herd, giving identical population densities. c. Two populations could occupy the same range with the different number of individuals, giving identical population densities. However, one population may move over this range in a herd while the other population may be dispersed randomly throughout the range. d. Two populations could occupy the same range with the same number of individuals, giving identical population densities. However, one population may move over this range in a herd while the other population may be dispersed randomly throughout the range.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Option D.

Step by step solution

01

Define Population Density

Population density is defined as the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume. It can be expressed as: \[ \text{Population Density} = \frac{\text{Number of Individuals}}{\text{Area or Volume}} \]
02

Understand Dispersal Patterns

Dispersal patterns describe how individuals in a population are spaced within their range. Common patterns include random, uniform, and clumped (herd) dispersal.
03

Analyze Option A

Option A suggests two populations occupy the same range with the same number of individuals, dispersed randomly throughout. These populations have the same density and dispersal pattern.
04

Analyze Option B

Option B suggests two populations occupy different ranges with different numbers of individuals, moving in a herd. Although the overall density might match, the differences in range and number of individuals make them different densities, not fitting the criteria.
05

Analyze Option C

Option C suggests two populations occupy the same range with different numbers of individuals. One is moving in a herd while the other is randomly dispersed. However, this leads to different densities due to different individual counts.
06

Analyze Option D

Option D states that two populations have the same range and the same number of individuals, but one population is moving in a herd while the other is dispersed randomly. Both populations have the same population density but different dispersal patterns.
07

Conclude the Correct Answer

Based on the analysis, Option D correctly illustrates how two populations can have the same population density (due to the same number of individuals and range) but different dispersal patterns (one herd, one random).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

dispersal patterns
In biology, individuals in a population are not always evenly distributed within their habitat. Dispersal patterns describe how these individuals are spaced relative to each other
Examples of common dispersal patterns include:
  • Random distribution
  • Uniform distribution
  • Clumped (herd) distribution

Each pattern can affect the interaction between individuals and resources. It's crucial to understand these patterns as they influence population dynamics, resource use, and ecosystem structure.
random distribution
In a random distribution, individuals are spread out irregularly without a predictable pattern. This distribution occurs in environments where resources are consistently available, making specific spots no more attractive than others.
  • Example: Plants that release seeds through wind dispersion often end up in random distribution because there is no specific placement strategy.

This pattern can occur in populations where interactions between individuals are minimal, leading to an absence of strong social or territorial behaviors.
clumped (herd) distribution
Clumped distribution is the most common pattern and occurs when individuals group together in patches. This often happens when resources are unevenly spread out in the environment.
  • Example: Herds of elephants or schools of fish tend to cluster around water sources or food-rich areas.

Clumped distribution provides several benefits such as protection from predators and improved access to mates. It can result from behavioral tendencies, environmental heterogeneity, or social structures within the group.
uniform distribution
In uniform distribution, individuals are spaced evenly across an area. This pattern often arises from competitive interactions where individuals require a certain amount of space or resources.
  • Example: Penguins nesting as each bird maintains a territory to protect its eggs and chicks.

Uniform distribution helps reduce intraspecific competition and can be a result of social interactions that enforce spacing and territoriality. Each individual ensures that they have enough resources by keeping others at a distance.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Define carrying capacity of a population and explain whether it changes or remains fixed for a population. a. Carrying capacity is the amount of land needed to support a population, and it is fixed for each population. b. Carrying capacity is the amount of water and food resources required to support a population and it is fixed for each population. c. Carrying capacity is the maximum size of a population that can survive using the available resources and it can vary up or down. d. Carrying capacity is the time needed for a population to reach its maximum size and it can vary up or down.

Different species have different survival curves. A Type III survival curve would most likely be observed for _____. a. whales b. seals c. salmon d. polar bears

\(\begin{array}{|c|c|}\hline \text { Date } & {N} \\ \hline 5 / 1 /12 & {56} \\\ \hline 6 / 1/12 & {98} \\ \hline 7 / 2 / 12 & {203} \\ \hline 8 / 10 / 12 & {421} \\ \hline\end{array}\) These data were collected on a population of beetles in Florida. Based on the data, how would you describe population growth in this case and what do you predict about growth of this population in the future? Explain your reasoning. a. Population shows logistic growth, as number of individuals doubles every month and will likely continue to grow logistically until its resources become depleted. At that point, the population growth rate will slow down and level off to zero. b. The population shows exponential growth, as the number of individuals doubles every month and will likely grow logistically in the future when the resources become limited. At that point, the population growth rate will slow down and level off to zero. c. The population shows exponential growth, as number of individuals doubles every month and will likely continue to grow exponentially until its resources become limited. At that point, the growth will become logistic; the population growth rate will slow down and level off to zero. d. The population shows logistic growth and is likely to grow exponentially as the resources are probably increasing. The population growth rate will increase in the future as well.

During breeding season, many female elk mate with males, but not all mated females become pregnant. Female elk having body fat less than 6% were found to have greatly reduced chances of becoming pregnant than female elk having body fat above 10%. Explain how natural selection was likely involved in establishing this trait in elk. (credit: USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center) a. Through natural selection, female elk that did not have the energy reserves to carry a pregnancy to term and did not become pregnant died whereas those which became pregnant anyway were favored. b. Natural selection favored the selection of traits preventing pregnancies in female elk with low fat reserves, so this trait has become predominant in natural elk herds observed today. c. Natural selection randomly changes the frequency of genes allowing traits preventing pregnancies in female elk with low fat reserves to be favored. d. Natural selection leads to a sudden inheritable change in the genome of the female elk, ensuring female elk with very high fat reserves to effectively carry out pregnancy.

What is the difference between innate and learned behaviors? a. Innate behaviors can change based on previous experiences, whereas learned behaviors remain the same throughout an organism鈥檚 life. b. Innate behaviors are controlled by genes, whereas genes play no role in learned behaviors. c. Innate behaviors allow an organism to adapt to new situations by applying previous experiences, whereas learned behaviors allow an organism to respond quickly. d. Innate behaviors are involuntary responses to stimuli, whereas learned behaviors change based on an organism鈥檚 experiences.
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