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Chapter 36: Problem 37

Describe the symbiotic relationship of mutualism. a. Only one species benefits and the other derives no benefit or harm from the relationship. b. One species benefits and the other is harmed by the relationship. c. Both species benefit from the relationship. d. Neither species benefits nor is either species harmed

Short Answer

Expert verified
Both species benefit from the relationship (option c).

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Mutualism

Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship where both species involved benefit from the interaction. It is essential to recognize how mutualism differs from other types of symbiosis, such as commensalism, parasitism, and amensalism.
02

Evaluating Each Option

Consider each given option to determine which one best describes mutualism: - Option a: Only one species benefits and the other derives no benefit or harm. This describes commensalism, not mutualism.- Option b: One species benefits and the other is harmed. This describes parasitism.- Option c: Both species benefit from the relationship. This is mutualism, as both species gain a positive outcome from their interaction.- Option d: Neither species benefits nor is either species harmed. This describes neutralism, not mutualism.
03

Selecting the Correct Answer

Based on the evaluations, the option that correctly describes mutualism is option c: Both species benefit from the relationship.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiotic relationships are interactions between two different species that live in close physical association. These relationships can vary greatly in their outcomes. The main types of symbiosis include mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and neutralism. Each type has unique characteristics depending on how the species involved are affected. Understanding these interactions is crucial for studying ecosystems because they play a key role in the dynamics of biological communities.
Commensalism
Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship where one species benefits while the other remains unaffected. This means one organism gains some advantage like food, shelter, or transport, while the other neither benefits nor is harmed. Examples of commensalism include:
  • Barnacles attaching to whales. The barnacle gets a free ride and access to food in moving water, while the whale is not impacted.
  • Birds nesting in trees. The birds gain a place to live, and the tree is unharmed.
Recognizing commensal relationships helps in understanding how certain species can coexist without directly impacting each other.
Parasitism
Parasitism is a relationship where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. In this interaction, the parasite relies on the host for food, shelter, or other needs, often causing harm to the host. Examples include:
  • Ticks feeding on mammals. The tick draws blood from its host, which can cause irritation and disease.
  • Tapeworms living in the intestines of animals. These parasites absorb nutrients from the host, which can lead to malnutrition.
Understanding parasitism is important as it can affect the health and survival of host organisms.
Neutralism
Neutralism describes a symbiotic relationship where neither species benefits nor is harmed. These interactions are often more theoretical as most interactions between species will have some level of impact, however minimal. For example:
  • Two species living in the same ecosystem but utilizing different resources.
  • Plants in a forest that are not competing for the same space or nutrients.
While true neutralism is rare, studying these interactions helps ecologists understand the complexity and interdependence of species within ecosystems.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Describe a situation in which animals of the same species exchange information in response to an approaching predator. Include a description of how the information flows between individuals. a. Herring gulls have a brightly colored bill. When a predator approaches, the parent gull stands over its chick and taps the bill on the ground in front of it, which elicits a begging response from a hungry chick. b. Prairie dogs live in underground burrows. If a look-out observes an approaching predator, they give an aural alarm cry communicating the information to the foraging individuals who then run back to safety. c. Herring gulls have a brightly colored bill. When a predator approaches, the parent gull stands over its nest and taps the bill on the ground, thus exchanging information of the approaching predator. d. Prairie dogs live inside the bark of trees. If a look-out observes an approaching predator, they give an aural alarm cry communicating the information to the foraging individuals who then run back to safety.

In a region in Texas, biologists observed that two highly venomous snakes with similar markings deter owl predators. Upon closer inspection, the snakes were determined to belong to different genera and species. How would these biologists describe the mimicry in this case? a. Batesian mimicry, because it involves nontoxic species that resembles a toxic species. b. Emsleyan/Mertensian mimicry because an extremely toxic species resembles a less toxic species. c. Batesian mimicry because it involves an extremely toxic species that resembles a less toxic species. d. Mullerian mimicry because it involves different species that both produce toxins and display similar warning coloration

A researcher is interested in investigating whether the croaking pattern produced by males in a frog species is a learned behavior or an innate behavior. Which of the following would best help the researcher answer this question? a. genetic analyses of adult male frogs raised in isolation and in multigenerational frog communities b. field observations of adult frogs in their native habitat during mating season c. video recordings of individual frogs raised in large multigenerational frog communities d. audio recordings of individual frogs at sexual maturity after being raised in total isolation

Frogs are animals with high fecundity. Based on this information, frogs should also have which of the following characteristics? a. high energy budget b. extensive energy storage for offspring c. small numbers of offspring d. little or no parental care

Species with limited resources usually exhibit a(n) ____ growth curve. a. logistic b. logical c. experimental d. exponential
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