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Chapter 36: Problem 35

Explain how two different species can coexist in the same habitat according to the competitive exclusion principle. a. Two species can coexist in the same habitat as long as they do not share the same trophic level. b. Two species can coexist in the same habitat as long as they do not share the same mates. c. Two species can coexist in the same habitat as long as they do not share the same resources. d. Two species can coexist in the same habitat as long as they do not share the same life span

Short Answer

Expert verified
c. Two species can coexist in the same habitat as long as they do not share the same resources.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Competitive Exclusion Principle

The competitive exclusion principle states that two species competing for the same limited resources cannot coexist if other ecological factors are constant. One species will outcompete the other, leading to the exclusion of the less competitive species.
02

Analyze Each Option

Review each given option to determine which one aligns with the competitive exclusion principle. Consider how resource competition influences species coexistence.
03

Evaluate Option a

Evaluate whether not sharing the same trophic level allows for coexistence. Species at different trophic levels do not compete directly for the same resources, thus potentially allowing coexistence.
04

Evaluate Option b

Analyze if not sharing the same mates is a factor in coexistence. This is unrelated to resource competition as mating does not impact resource availability directly.
05

Evaluate Option c

Determine if not sharing the same resources allows for coexistence. According to the competitive exclusion principle, species must not compete for the same resources to coexist.
06

Evaluate Option d

Assess if not sharing the same life span leads to coexistence. Life span differences do not directly impact competition for resources.
07

Select the Correct Answer

Based on the evaluations, the option that aligns with the competitive exclusion principle is the one where species do not share the same resources.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Species Coexistence
The concept of species coexistence is pivotal to understanding biodiversity in ecosystems. Coexistence happens when multiple species live together in the same environment without driving each other to extinction. For species to coexist, they need to avoid direct competition for the same resources. This can be achieved through various strategies such as niche differentiation, where species exploit different resources or are active at different times. Another strategy is spatial separation, where species live in different areas of the same habitat. Such adaptations reduce competition and allow multiple species to thrive together.
For example:
  • Different bird species might consume different types of seeds.
  • Various plant species might have different root depths, accessing water from different soil layers.
Resource Competition
Resource competition is a critical factor in the competitive exclusion principle. It describes how species vie for the same limited resources such as food, shelter, or light. When resources are scarce, species must compete more intensely. The species that can use the resources more efficiently or effectively will outcompete the others, potentially leading to exclusion. To avoid this, species often evolve different strategies to reduce direct competition, such as altering their feeding habits or reproductive strategies. By minimizing competition, they can coexist more peacefully.
For example:
  • One plant might grow taller to access more sunlight, while another spreads wider to utilize available soil nutrients.
  • One predator might hunt at night, while another hunts during the day to avoid direct competition for the same prey.
Trophic Levels
Trophic levels represent the different positions organisms occupy in a food chain, ranging from producers to apex predators. Species at different trophic levels usually do not compete for the same type of resources. For instance, herbivores (primary consumers) eat plants (producers), whereas carnivores (secondary consumers) eat other animals. Because they rely on different kinds of food, species at different trophic levels can coexist without directly competing with each other. This level-based differentiation often helps multiple species thrive within the same ecosystem.
Consider these examples:
  • Grass (producer) is eaten by rabbits (primary consumer), which are then preyed upon by foxes (secondary consumer).
  • Small fish (primary consumer) eat algae (producer) and are, in turn, eaten by larger fish or birds (secondary consumer).
Ecological Factors
Ecological factors like temperature, humidity, and availability of nutrients can significantly impact species coexistence. These factors determine the suitability of an environment for different species. For example, some species are adapted to cold climates, while others thrive in warmer habitats. Ecological factors can also influence resource distribution and availability, which in turn affects competition. Species that can adapt to changes in ecological factors have a better chance of surviving and coexisting with other species. Ecosystems are dynamic and constantly changing, so adaptability is crucial for the survival and coexistence of species.
Examples include:
  • Plants in arid regions develop deep root systems to access scarce water, reducing competition.
  • Animals in colder climates might hibernate to survive periods when food resources are scarce.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A pond ecosystem in an open field begins to be shaded by the growth of trees around its perimeter. Predict changes in this pond after the trees grow large enough to completely shade the pond. a. The population sizes of all organisms will decrease in response to lower energy flowing into the pond. b. The population densities of all organisms will increase in response to lower temperatures in the pond. c. The population distributions of large organisms will shift from clumped to random in response to lower energy flowing into the pond. d. The population distributions of small organisms will shift from uniform to clumped in response to lower temperatures in the pond.

Honey bees are pollinators. Identify the type of symbiotic relationship that exists between honey bees and flowering plants, and explain why your reasoning. a. This is commensalism because bees help plants pollinate and, in turn, obtain nectar from the plants. b. This is a mutualistic relationship, because bees obtain nectar from the plants, but do not provide any benefits to the plants. c. This is commensalism, because bees obtain nectar from the plants, but do not provide any benefits to the plants. d. This is a mutualistic relationship, because bees help plants pollinate and, in turn, obtain nectar from the plants.

A forest fire is an example of ____ regulation. a. density-dependent b. density-independent c. r-selected d. K-selected

Describe how a researcher could determine the population size and density of a bird population on one of the Hawaiian islands. a. Population size can be determined by life tables. The area of the island in square kilometers is divided by the population size to determine the density of the bird population. b. Population size can be determined by the mark and recapture method. The population size is divided by the area of the island in square kilometers to determine the density of the bird population. c. Population size can be determined by life tables. The population size is divided by the area of the island in square kilometers to determine the density of the bird population. d. Population size can be determined by the mark and recapture method. The area of the island in square kilometers is divided by the population size to determine the density of the bird population.

\(\begin{array}{|c|c|}\hline \text { Date } & {N} \\ \hline 5 / 1 /12 & {56} \\\ \hline 6 / 1/12 & {98} \\ \hline 7 / 2 / 12 & {203} \\ \hline 8 / 10 / 12 & {421} \\ \hline\end{array}\) These data were collected on a population of beetles in Florida. Based on the data, how would you describe population growth in this case and what do you predict about growth of this population in the future? Explain your reasoning. a. Population shows logistic growth, as number of individuals doubles every month and will likely continue to grow logistically until its resources become depleted. At that point, the population growth rate will slow down and level off to zero. b. The population shows exponential growth, as the number of individuals doubles every month and will likely grow logistically in the future when the resources become limited. At that point, the population growth rate will slow down and level off to zero. c. The population shows exponential growth, as number of individuals doubles every month and will likely continue to grow exponentially until its resources become limited. At that point, the growth will become logistic; the population growth rate will slow down and level off to zero. d. The population shows logistic growth and is likely to grow exponentially as the resources are probably increasing. The population growth rate will increase in the future as well.
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