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Chapter 3: Problem 65

Complex polymers are built from combinations of smaller monomers. What type of reaction is shown, and what is a product of the following reaction? Assume water is also produced. a. a synthesis reaction producing glucose and water b. a hydrolysis reaction producing fructose and water c. a condensation reaction producing lactose and water d. a dehydration reaction producing sucrose and water

Short Answer

Expert verified
d. a dehydration reaction producing sucrose and water

Step by step solution

01

Identify the Monomers

Determine which smaller units combine to form the polymer in the reaction. Look for clues in the reaction options like glucose, fructose, lactose, and sucrose as potential products.
02

Determine the Reaction Type

Based on the information that water is also produced, recognize that this suggests either a condensation or a dehydration reaction, as both involve forming a larger molecule and water as a by-product.
03

Analyze the Products

Review each option to see which one matches the production of a common polymer and water. For example, a condensation reaction typically produces larger sugar molecules such as lactose, whereas a dehydration reaction results in disaccharides like sucrose.
04

Match the Reaction and Products

Compare the products of each option with the reaction type deduced in the previous step. Condensation reactions and dehydration reactions both produce water but with different types of polymers.
05

Conclude the Correct Option

Since water is produced and the product formed is a disaccharide, identify the reaction as a dehydration reaction. The option that matches this description is reaction 'd', which produces sucrose and water.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Monomers
Monomers are the building blocks of polymers. They are small, simple molecules that can join together in repeating units to form larger, more complex structures. For example, glucose and fructose are monomers. In biological systems, these monomers combine to create complex carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Monomers link together through chemical reactions that create covalent bonds between them. The process of linking monomers is crucial for forming the biological macromolecules that make up cells and tissues. The variety of monomers and the ways they link give rise to the immense diversity of biological polymers.
Dehydration Reaction
A dehydration reaction is a specific type of chemical reaction that involves the removal of a water molecule. In this process, two monomers bond to form a polymer and release water as a by-product. Dehydration reactions are essential in the formation of many biological macromolecules. For example, when two glucose molecules bond to form maltose, a water molecule is released. This type of reaction is crucial in biosynthesis, allowing cells to create complex structures from simple units. Understanding dehydration reactions helps in grasping how our bodies build and maintain vital biomolecules.
Disaccharides
Disaccharides are sugars formed by the combination of two monosaccharides. They are a type of carbohydrate and include molecules like sucrose, lactose, and maltose. For example, sucrose is derived from the linkage of glucose and fructose. Disaccharides are an important energy source. They must be broken down into their monosaccharide components to be used by the body. This breakdown typically occurs through hydrolysis reactions in the digestive system. Understanding disaccharides provides insight into how our body processes dietary sugars and derives energy from food.
Condensation Reaction
A condensation reaction is a type of reaction where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, with the loss of a small molecule such as water. This process helps in the synthesis of various biological polymers. It is similar to a dehydration reaction, where the removal of water facilitates the bond formation between monomers. For example, the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids releases water, forming a dipeptide. Condensation reactions are vital for building proteins, nucleic acids, and complex carbohydrates. These reactions play a fundamental role in the biochemistry of life, driving the synthesis of key molecules from simpler ones.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What part of cell membranes gives flexibility to the structure? a. carbohydrates b. cytoskeleton filaments c. lipids d. proteins

For many years, scientist believed that proteins were the source of heritable information. There are many thousands of different proteins in a cell, and they mediate the cell's metabolism, producing the traits and characteristics of a species. Researchers working with DNA viruses proved that it is DNA that stores and passes on genes. They worked with viruses with an outer coat of protein and a DNA strand inside. How did they prove that it was DNA, not protein, which is the primary source of heritable information? a. The DNA and protein of the virus were tagged with different isotopes and exposed to host cell where only the DNA was transferred to the host. b. The DNA was tagged with an isotope, which was retained in the virus, proving it to be the genetic material. c. The viral protein was tagged with an isotope, and the host cell was infected by it. This protein was transferred to the host. d. The viral DNA, when sequenced, was found to be present in the host cell proving it to be the hereditary material instead of protein.

Carbohydrates serve various functions in different animals. Arthropods like insects, crustaceans, and others, have an outer layer, called the exoskeleton, which protects their internal body parts. This exoskeleton is made mostly of chitin. Chitin is also a major component of the cell walls of fungi, the kingdom that includes molds and mushrooms. Chitin is a polysaccharide. What is the major difference between chitin and other types of polysaccharides? a. Chitin is a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide, with repeating units of \(N\) -acetyl- \(\beta-D\) - glucosamine, a modified sugar. b. Chitin is similar to amylase, but with sulfur linkages between the monomers. c. Chitin is similar to inulin, a polysaccharide with fructose, but with additional glucose monomers. d. Chitin contains phosphate groups that give it a stiffness not found in other polysaccharides.

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In the metabolism of cell, why is hydrolysis used? a. Hydrolysis breaks down polymers. b. Hydrolysis is used to form linkages in DNA. C. Hydrolysis is used to produce proteins. d. Hydrolysis synthesizes new macromolecules.
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