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Chapter 28: Problem 32
What do adipose tissues release after a meal? a. erythropoietin b. leptin c. atrial natriuretic peptide d. gastrin
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Mary produces relatively low amounts of estradiol and cortisol, but is able to produce proper amounts of other hormones such as thyroxine and insulin. Identify the chemical class of hormones that Mary has difficulty producing. a. lipid-derived hormones b. amino acid-derived hormones c. peptide hormones d. glycoprotein hormones
Describe how stress promotes water retention, which can lead to weight gain. a. Stress decreases osmolality, which increases antidiuretic hormone secretion. Antidiuretic hormone helps retain water. b. Stress increases osmolality, which increases antidiuretic hormone secretion. Antidiuretic hormone helps retain water. c. Stress increases osmolality, which decreases antidiuretic hormone secretion. Antidiuretic hormone helps with water loss. d. Stress decreases osmolality, which decreases antidiuretic hormone secretion. Antidiuretic hormone helps with water loss.
Describe what occurs if a hormone is released by a hormonal stimulus. a. Hormone release is stimulated by the nervous system. b. Hormone release is stimulated by change in the blood. c. Hormone release is stimulated by the external d. Hormone release is stimulated by another hormone.
Many hormones repress or enhance protein expression by binding to transcription factors called nuclear receptors. Other hormones regulate processes by binding to cell surface receptors that induce cell signaling cascades. A. Represent these two different processes for cell-cell communication by creating a flow chart showing the direction of information in a process regulating homeostasis such as the control of blood sugar or water loss. Annotate your diagram to describe the key elements of each step in the particular example that you choose. B. Justify the claim that a developmental process is more likely to involve nuclear receptors, while regulation of metabolism is more likely to involve cell surface receptors. The lancelet is a chordate, fish-like filter feeder that buries itself in marine sands. Their ancestors and vertebrates diverged approximately 500 million years ago. Lancelet and human are members of a superphylum of animals with bilateral symmetry, Deuterostomia. In one model of animal evolution, the other superphylum, Protostomia, includes fruit fly and nematode. In an alternative model, insects are included with lancelet and human in a superphylum called the Coelomata, and the nematode is separate. Molecular studies of fruit fly, lancelet, human, and nematode show that homologous genes, when present, are strongly conserved. For example, the genes for the receptors of germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF) and retinoids, hormones that regulate cellular differentiation during development, are present in each species. Homologous genes for nuclear receptor estrogen and thyroid hormone are present in lancelet and human but missing in nematode and fruit fly. Genes for the vitamin D receptor are absent in fruit fly but are present in the other species. Many neuropeptide hormones found in human, fruit fly and nematode such as GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) and the gonadotropins luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones (LH and FSH) have not been found in lancelet. However, genes for the cell surface receptors activated by these hormones are expressed. The same is true for many different hormones and their corresponding receptors. A large number of such 鈥渙rphan鈥� nuclear receptors have been reported in animals where there is no evidence of the presence of the hormone to which they bind. C. Analyze these data (a table to organize the data is suggested) for supporting evidence of the alternative superphylum, Coelomata. Consider: 鈥� separate selection of signaling molecules and the proteins that detect them 鈥� constitutive (always transcribed) expression 鈥� the possible effect of gene deletion D. Evaluate the legitimacy of a claim that a hormone is not present although the receptor for that hormone has been found. Genes for receptors and the hormones to which they bind are often found on different chromosomes and have coevolved. Other ligands may have an affinity for orphaned receptors. By understanding the three- dimensional shape of the ligand binding site of a nuclear receptor, new drugs can be developed to match the site and regulate expression when the endocrine system fails. Even greater flexibility in drug design is allowed when small molecules, called positive (PAM) and negative (NAM) allosteric modulators, change the shape of the ligand binding site. The receptors for follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were subjects in a drug discovery program using PAMs and NAMs (Nataraja et al., Frontiers in Endocrinology, 6, 2015). E. Explain how the refinement of nuclear receptor by attachment of a molecule other than the ligand of the receptor can increase the level of expression of genes targeted by the transcription factor
Sandra wants to get pregnant but learns that she does not produce a sufficient amount of prolactin. Describe how her reproductive abilities will be affected. a. Her uterus will not contract during childbirth. b. She will not ovulate. c. Her body will not be prepared for pregnancy. d. She will be unable to produce milk.
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