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Chapter 25: Problem 14

Certain molecules are required by but not produced by the body. Fat- and water-soluble __________ are organic molecules that cannot be produced by the body but are required for many enzymatic functions. a. minerals b. vitamins c. amino acids d. sugars

Short Answer

Expert verified
b. vitamins

Step by step solution

01

- Understanding the Question

The question asks which type of organic molecules cannot be produced by the body but are necessary for enzymatic functions. It also mentions these molecules can be either fat- or water-soluble.
02

- Analyzing the Options

Evaluate each option to see if it is an organic molecule required by the body but not produced by it: a. Minerals - Inorganic substances b. Vitamins - Organic molecules, essential, and not produced by the body c. Amino Acids - Organic molecules but some can be produced by the body d. Sugars - Organic molecules but can be produced by the body
03

- Selecting the Correct Option

Considering that vitamins are organic molecules required for enzymatic functions and are not synthesized by the body but needed from outside sources, the answer is b. vitamins.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Vitamins
Vitamins are essential organic molecules that are crucial for numerous bodily functions, including enzymatic activities. Unlike many other nutrients, our bodies cannot produce vitamins. This means they must be obtained through our diet. There are two types of vitamins based on their solubility:
  • Fat-soluble vitamins: These include vitamins A, D, E, and K. They are stored in the body's fatty tissue and liver, and because they are stored, they do not need to be consumed as frequently.
  • Water-soluble vitamins: These include the B-complex vitamins and vitamin C. They are not stored in large amounts; excess amounts are excreted via urine. Therefore, they need to be consumed more regularly.
Vitamins play several roles in the body including:
  • Supporting immune function
  • Helping convert food into energy
  • Repairing cellular damage
  • Facilitating the absorption of other nutrients
Enzymatic Functions
Enzymatic functions refer to the various tasks performed by enzymes, which are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the body without being consumed by the reaction. They are essential for many physiological processes such as:
  • Digesting food
  • Replicating DNA
  • Producing energy
Vitamins often serve as coenzymes, which are non-protein molecules that bind to enzymes and help them function properly. For example:
  • Vitamin B1 (thiamine) assists enzymes involved in energy metabolism.
  • Vitamin C is a coenzyme required for collagen synthesis.
Enzymes are highly specific, meaning they only catalyze specific reactions or act on particular substrates. This specificity is due to their unique active sites.
Organic Molecules
Organic molecules are compounds that contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. They form the basis of all living organisms. These molecules vary in complexity from simple molecules like methane to large macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.

The main classes of organic molecules in biological systems are:
  • Carbohydrates: Serve as a primary energy source.
  • Proteins: Involved in virtually all cell functions, from structural proteins to enzymes.
  • Lipids: Include fats and oils, used for long-term energy storage and cell membrane structure.
  • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA, responsible for genetic information and protein synthesis.
Understanding these molecules is essential in studying how our bodies function and how different nutrients contribute to our health. Vitamins, being organic molecules themselves, are instrumental in supporting various biological processes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Ruminants, such as this goat, are able to digest large amounts of plant material. How is plant material passed through, digested, and absorbed in the ruminant digestive system? a. Food is chewed in the mouth, then passes through the esophagus into the rumen and then the reticulum, which contain microbes that break down cellulose and ferment the ingested plant material. The ruminant regurgitates cud from the rumen, and the food is passed into the omasum for water removal and then into the small and large intestines for nutrient and further water absorption. Waste is excreted through the anus. b. Food is chewed in the mouth, then passes through the esophagus into the rumen and then the reticulum, which contain microbes that break down cellulose and ferment the ingested plant material. The ruminant regurgitates cud from the rumen, and the food is passed into the abomasum for water removal and then into the small and large intestines for nutrient and further water absorption. Waste is excreted through the anus. c. Food is chewed in the mouth, then passes through the esophagus into the rumen and then the reticulum, which contain microbes that break down proteins and ferment the ingested plant material. Ruminants regurgitate cud from the rumen, and the food is passed into the omasum for water removal and then into the small and large intestines for nutrient and further water absorption. Waste is excreted through the anus. d. Food is chewed in the mouth then passes through the esophagus into the reticulum and then the rumen, which contain microbes that break down cellulose and ferment the ingested plant material. The ruminant regurgitates cud from the rumen, and the food is passed into the omasum for water removal and then into the small and large intestines for nutrient and further water absorption. Waste is excreted through the anus.

Microvilli greatly increase the efficiency of nutrient uptake in the small intestines. How do the size and shape of microvilli promote this efficiency? a. They have a greater surface area-to-volume ratio than larger cells. The finger-like projection shape provides more surface area over the small intestines from which they absorb nutrients and contains blood vessels so nutrients passing through them can enter the bloodstream readily. b. They have a greater surface area-to-volume ratio than larger cells. The finger-like projection shape is present in the middle of microvilli, which have more surface area over the small intestines from which they absorb nutrients and also contains blood vessels so nutrients can enter the blood easily. c. They have a greater surface area-to-volume ratio than larger cells. The finger-like projections prevent large particles of food from passing through the digestive system and also contain blood vessels so nutrients passed through them can readily enter the bloodstream. d. They have a greater surface area-to-volume ratio than larger cells. The finger-like projections aid in mechanical digestion of food particles and contain blood vessels so nutrients passing through them can enter the bloodstream readily.

Excess ATP is combined with excess glucose and stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle. Under what circumstance would glycogen storage in skeletal muscle prove beneficial for a rabbit? a. A rabbit has not eaten recently and its blood sugar drops. b. There is an overabundance of food available to a rabbit. c. A rabbit spots a coyote and flees in response. d. A young rabbit with an adequate food source is developing into an adult rabbit.

Taking in food, or __________, is the first step of gaining nutrients from food. a. digestion b. ingestion c. elimination d. absorption

An omnivore comes across potatoes, avocados, kale, and eggs and craves only the eggs. In what nutrient is the animal likely deficient? a. carbohydrates b. protein c. fiber d. fatty acids
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