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Chapter 23: Problem 104

After branches of woody saplings were trimmed, half of the cuts were covered with a sealant and the other half were left untouched. The plants with sealed cuts fared much better after several weeks. What is the likely reason? a. The sealant stopped evaporation. b. The plants with sealed cuts grew new branches. c. The plants with unsealed cuts were infected by pathogens that entered through the cuts. d. The plants with unsealed cuts lost photosynthates through bleeding of sap.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The plants with unsealed cuts were infected by pathogens that entered through the cuts.

Step by step solution

01

- Understand the purpose of the sealant

The sealant is applied to the cuts on the branches. Sealants are typically used to protect wounds in plants.
02

- Evaluate the potential functions of the sealant

Consider the purpose of the sealant: stopping evaporation, preventing infection, or stopping bleeding of sap. Think about what each of these functions could achieve in helping the plant.
03

- Compare likely outcomes

Compare how each of the possible outcomes (stopping evaporation, promoting growth, preventing infection, stopping bleeding) could have affected the plants in the experiment. Notice that the plants with sealed cuts fared better.
04

- Reason out the most likely cause

Among the possible reasons, preventing infection is a common and significant concern for open wounds. Pathogens can easily enter through cuts, leading to infections that can harm or kill the plant.
05

- Select the conclusion

Based on the information and reasoning, the most likely reason the sealed cuts fared better is that the unsealed cuts were infected by pathogens.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

plant sealants
Plant sealants are substances used to cover cuts or wounds on plants. These are particularly useful for woody saplings after pruning.
Sealants serve several purposes:
  • They protect the plant's exposed tissue from environmental elements like wind and excessive heat.
  • They provide a barrier against moisture loss, reducing the risk of dehydration.
  • They also prevent pathogens from entering the plant through the open wound, significantly reducing the risk of infection.
Applying sealants helps in the overall healing process of the plant and ensures it remains healthy.
pathogen prevention
One of the crucial roles of sealants is to prevent pathogens from infecting the plant.
Pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses can easily enter through open wounds.
  • Once inside, these pathogens can cause diseases that may weaken or kill the plant.
  • Infected plants display symptoms like wilting, discoloration, and stunted growth.
Using a sealant effectively blocks these pathogens from entering, thus maintaining the plant's health and structural integrity.
plant injury response
Plants have their own mechanisms to respond to injuries. When a plant is wounded, it will try to close up the wound to prevent further damage.
This involves several steps:
  • The plant produces special chemicals to seal off the damaged area.
  • It triggers a biochemical response to begin forming new tissue over the wound.
  • Inflammatory-like responses may occur to fight off any pathogens.
Using a sealant aids these natural processes by providing a physical barrier, allowing the plant's internal healing mechanisms to work more efficiently.
sap bleeding
Sap bleeding occurs when a plant loses sap from an open wound. Sap contains nutrients and compounds crucial for the plant鈥檚 survival.
Excessive bleeding can lead to several issues:
  • Depletion of essential nutrients, affecting plant growth.
  • Attraction of pests and pathogens to the wound.
  • Increased risk of dehydration.
Applying a sealant prevents sap bleeding by forming a protective barrier over the wound. This helps retain the plant's crucial nutrients and prevents the entry of harmful organisms.
plant health management
Effective plant health management involves taking proactive steps to ensure plants remain healthy.
Pruning and treating wounds are part of this process. Here are key practices:
  • Regularly inspect plants for any signs of disease or injury.
  • Use clean, sharp tools for pruning to minimize damage.
  • Apply sealants to wounds to reduce infection risk and sap loss.
  • Provide adequate water and nutrients to support overall health.
By adhering to these practices, gardeners and farmers can ensure their plants grow healthy and strong, maximizing their potential yield and longevity.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

How could the morphology of cells observed microscopically indicate that the specimen is probably simple tissue? a. Simple tissue is made of cells that have different shapes, so the specimen will show oval, polygonal, and other shapes. b. Simple tissue is made of cells that have intercellular spaces, so the specimen will contain spaces. c. Simple tissue is made of cells that are elongated and tapered, so the specimen will show elongated cells. d. Simple tissue is made of cells that are morphologically similar, so the specimen will appear uniform.

A pulse of radioactive carbon dioxide (CO2) is provided to isolated leaves. In which tissue would you expect to see radioactive glucose appear first? a. in the cells of the mesophyll b. in the sieve elements of the phloem c. epidermis d. vessels of the xylem

Stomata close in response to bacterial infection. This response is a defense mechanism because it ________ , and the hormone involved is ________ . a. restricts the entry of O2; gibberellin b. restricts the entry of CO2; abscisic acid c. prevents further entry of pathogens; auxin d. prevents further entry of pathogens; abscisic acid

Plants lose water from their aboveground surfaces in the process of transpiration. Most of this water is lost from stomata. Excess loss of water has severe consequences and may be fatal for the plant. The table shows data collected on a sunny day. What is the best explanation for the transpiration rates leveling off and declining at temperature higher than \(27^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?\) a. The plant ran out of water. b. The plant needs less water as temperature increases, so transpiration slows down to limit water uptake by the roots. c. Stomata close to conserve water, slowing down transpiration. d. The amount of water in the leaves decreases at high temperature and less is available for evaporation.

Like the animal intestine, the organ system principally responsible for nutrient and water uptake, the plant root system, is home to a microbiome upon which the host depends. One important role for the root microbiome is innate immunity. Wheat take-all is a disease caused by the fungus \(Gaeumannomyces\) graminis that attacks plant roots and blocks root water channels. When a major outbreak occurs in a wheat field, susceptibility remains high in the following year. But after four to six continued crops of wheat in the same field, susceptibility to the disease declines. This resistance can be transferred with the soil. Burning the soil surface or rotation with another crop returns susceptibility to the next wheat crop. The Fusarium (a fungus) wilt disease of strawberries and potato scab caused by Streptomyces scabies (a bacteria) show a similar disease progression and transferability of resistance (Weller, Ann. Rev. Plant Phytopath, 26, 1988). A. Plants, like animals, have immune defenses that may involve cooperative interactions between organisms. Describe a model of immune response that accounts for these behaviors. In plants, the first line of defense is the cell wall. Animal cells lack this protective barrier. Adaptive immunity of vertebrates to pathogens uses specific defenses that are transportable within the organism, such as T-cells, and retains information about earlier infections, such as T-cell receptors. Unlike adaptive immunity, the innate responses of plants are much less effective in defending against necrotrophic (colonizing dead tissue) than against biotrophic (infecting living tissue) pathogens. In animal tissue, the response to infection is inflammation, the recruitment of resources to protect the tissue. In plant tissue, the response is apoptosis. B. Describe contrasting models of defense strategies for plants and animals that express each of these differences in terms of these strategies: cell boundary, immunological memory, and tissue repair.
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