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Chapter 21: Problem 26

On which industry can viroids have a severe impact? a. dairy b. poultry c. avocado d. livestock

Short Answer

Expert verified
Avocado

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Definition of Viroids

Viroids are small, circular pieces of RNA that cause plant diseases and can lead to severe crop damages.
02

Identify the Options and Their Relevance

The options given are dairy, poultry, avocado, and livestock. Viroids primarily affect plants, so industries related to plants should be considered.
03

Eliminate Non-Plant Options

Eliminate 'dairy', 'poultry', and 'livestock' as they relate to animals rather than plants.
04

Select the Correct Option

The remaining option is 'avocado', which is a plant. Viroids can severely impact the avocado industry.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

plant diseases
Viroids are notorious for causing various plant diseases. These minute RNA pathogens can lead to significant agricultural disruptions. Because viroids consist only of RNA, they don't make proteins themselves but induce host plants to produce harmful proteins. This results in several detrimental symptoms:
  • Stunted growth
  • Leaf discoloration
  • Distorted development
These symptoms severely impact the plant's health and productivity. An important point to remember is that viroids are different from viruses as they are composed solely of RNA and lack a protective protein coat. This unique structure allows them to infect host plants by directly interfering with the plant's RNA machinery.
agricultural impact
The agricultural impact of viroids can be devastating. They affect various high-value crops, leading to significant economic losses for farmers.
  • Reduced crop yield
  • Decreased quality of produce
  • Increased costs for plant management and control measures
For example, viroids impact the avocado industry heavily. Infected avocado plants produce fewer and lower-quality fruits. Managing these infections involves meticulous monitoring, quarantine measures, and sometimes, the destruction of infected plants. This not only increases the cost of production but also affects the overall supply chain, from farmers to consumers.
RNA pathogens
RNA pathogens like viroids are simplistic but highly effective in causing diseases. They replicate within the host cells, hijacking the plant's own cellular machinery. Understanding their replication process is crucial:
  • Viroids enter plant cells through wounds or during plant propagation.
  • Once inside, they use the host's RNA polymerases to replicate their RNA.
  • This replication often disrupts normal cellular functions, leading to diseases.
What makes viroids particularly challenging is their ability to persist in the environment and spread through vegetative propagation. Early detection and adopting robust sanitation measures are essential steps to manage and control the spread of these RNA pathogens effectively.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Which of the following statements about prions is true? a. Prions are larger than viruses. b. Prions contain DNA and RNA. c. The PrPCis the normal form of the protein. d. The PrPSCis folded abnormally

What characteristics do viroids and viruses have in common? a. They both replicate within a host cell and contain nucleic acids. b. They both replicate within a host cell and do not contain nucleic acids. c. They both replicate within a host cell and contain proteins. d. They both replicate within a host cell and contain only RNA.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the measles virus? a. The measles virus causes nasal and lung infections. b. The measles virus causes pancreas and liver infections. c. The measles virus causes mouth and gum infections. d. The measles virus causes brain and skin infections

Would a person who has never been in contact with the varicella-zoster virus be at risk of developing chickenpox or shingles if they come in close contact with a person with shingles? Explain your reasoning. a. The person is at risk of developing chickenpox. Chickenpox is the first infection with the virus before it enters latency in the host. b. The person is at risk of developing shingles. Shingles is the first infection with the virus before it enters latency in the host. c. The person is at risk of developing chickenpox. Chickenpox is the first infection with the virus that is already latent in the body. d. The person is at risk of developing shingles. The virus enters the person and gets activated when a person with shingles comes in close contact.

Which statement best describes what biologists know about the evolution of viruses? a. Scientists can look at fossil records and similar historic evidence. b. Much about virus origins and evolution remains unknown. c. Biologists have accumulated a significant amount of knowledge about how viruses originated. d. Biologists know exactly when viruses emerged and from where they came.
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